40 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. j_B. II. 



gall in these animals resembles it in colour, but it is not liquid 

 like gall, but more like the spleen in its internal structure. 



6. All, while they are alive, have worms in the head ; they 

 are produced in the hollow part under the hypoglottis, and 

 near the vertebra?, where the head is joined on. In size 

 they resemble very large maggots ; they are numerous, and 

 continuous, in number not generally more than twenty. 

 Stags, as I have observed, have no gall, but their intestines 

 are so bitter that dogs will not eat them if the deer are fat. 



7. The elephant also has a liver without a gall, but when 

 the part where the gall is attached in other animals, is cut 

 open, a quantity of fluid like bile, more or less abundant, runs 

 out. Among those animals which inhale sea-water, and have 

 lungs, the dolphin lias no gall. All birds and fishes have 

 galls, and all oviparous quadrupeds, to speak of them at 

 once, have a gall, greater or less; but in some fishes it is 

 placed upon the liver, as the galeodea, glanis, rine, 2 leio- 

 batus, 3 narce, and in some long fish, as the eel, beloue, 4 and 

 zygrena ; 5 and the callionymus 6 has a gall upon the liver, 

 larger in proportion to its size than any other fish. Others 

 have a gall upon the intestines, extending from the liver by 

 several thin passages ; the amia 7 has it stretched out upon 

 the intestines, and equal to them in length, and many times 

 folded upon it. Other fish have the gall upon the intes 

 tines, some at a greater, others at a less distance, as the 

 batrachus, elops, synagris, murana, xiphias. 



8. And the same genus often appears to have the gall 

 extended in both directions, as the conger, in some indivi 

 duals it is turned towards the liver, in others suspended be 

 fore the liver. The same structure is observed in birds, for 

 some have the gall turned towards the stomach, and others 

 towards the entrails, as the pigeon, crow, quail, swallow, 

 sparrow ; in others it is directed both towards the liver 

 and the stomach, as the aegocephalus ; in others, as the hawk 

 and kite, it is directed towards the liver and the intestines. 



CHAPTER XII. 



1. ALL viviparous quadrupeds have kidneys and a bladder, 

 but some oviparous animals have neither, as birds and 



1 Possibly CEstrus nasalis. J Squalus squatina. 



3 Raia bates. * Syugnathiis acus. * Squalus zygsena. 



Uranoscopus scaber. 7 A kind of marked scomber, mackerel ? 



