B. II.] THE HI8TOEY OF ANIMALS. 41 



fishes, and among oviparous quadrupeds the marine turtle 

 is the only one that has them at all proportionate to its size. 

 The marine turtle has the kidneys like those of oxen, and 

 tiiat of the ox is like a great many kidneys joined together. 

 In all its internal parts, the boriassus 1 is like the ox. 



2. The position which these parts occupy is the same in all 

 animals, and the heart is in the middle of the body of all crea 

 tures, except man. In him it is inclined towards the left side ; 

 and, as it was before observed, the apex of the heart is 

 directed forward in all, but in fishes it does not appear to 

 be so, for the apex of the heart is not directed towards the 

 chest, but towards the mouth and head, and the top of the 

 heart is suspended from the place where the right and left 

 brauchia are joined to each other, and there are also other 

 passages which extend from the heart to each of the bran- 

 chia, greater towards the larger brauchia, and less towards 

 the smaller ; but that to the top of the heart in great fishes 

 is a thick white tube. 



3. A few fishes, as the conger and the eel, have an oeso 

 phagus, but even in these it is very small ; in some of the 

 fish that have a liver, it is placed on the right side, and has 

 no lobes ; in others, it is divided from the commencement, 

 and the greater part is on the right side. For in some fish 

 each part of the liver hangs down, and the divisions are not 

 united at their origin, as in the tribe offish called galeodea, 

 and in a species of hare which is found near the lake of 

 Bolba, in the place called Sycine, and in other places, so 

 that one might suppose that they had two livers, on account 

 of the distances at which the passages unite, as in the lungs 

 of birds. 



4. In all animals the spleen is naturally situated on the 

 left side. The case has occurred that an animal having been 

 opened, has been observed to have the spleen on the right 

 side and the liver on the left, but such appearances are con 

 sidered ominous. In all animals the trachea reaches to the 

 lungs (its nature will be described in another place) ; and the 

 oesophagus, in all that have this part, reaches to the stomach 

 through the diaphragm. For most fishes (as I observed be 

 fore) have no oesophagus, but the stomach is united directly 

 with the mouth. So that it often happens that, when great 



1 BOB grunnieni. 



