78 THE HISTOBY OF ANIMALS. [B. IV. 



also has a tail, and five fin-like appendages. The cypha, 

 among the carides, has a tail, with four fin-like appendages. 

 The crangon has fin-like processes on each side of the tail, 

 and the middle of them is spinous on both sides ; but thia 

 Qart is wide in the crangon, and sharp in the cypha. The 

 carcini alone are without a tail ; the body of the carabi and 

 carides is elongated, that of the carcini is rounded. 



5. The male carabus is different from the female, for the 

 female has the first foot divided ; in the male it is formed of 

 a single claw, and the fin-like process on the lower part is 

 large in the female, and interchanged with each other in the 

 neck ; in the male they are small and not interchanged. In 

 the male, also, the last feet are furnished with large and 

 sharp processes like spurs ; in the female these are small and 

 smooth. They all have two large and rough processes, like 

 horns, before their eyes, and two, smaller and smooth, below. 



6. The eyes of all these animals are hard, and capable of 

 motion, inwards, outwards, and to the side ; the same is the 

 nature of the carcini, in which they are even more move- 

 able. In colour the astacus is all of a dull white, sprinkled 

 with black ; it has eight small feet, as far as the large ones ; 

 after these the large feet are far greater and wider at the 

 extremity than in the carabus, and they are unequal in 

 size ; for on the right side the broad part at the end is long 

 and smooth, on the left side the same part is thick and 

 round ; they are both divided from the extremity like a jaw, 

 with teeth above and below, only that in those on the right 

 the teeth are all small and sharp, and they are sharp at the 

 extremity of the left side ; in the middle they are like molar 

 teeth ; in the lower part are four close together, but in the 

 upper part three, but not close together. 



7. In both claws the upper part is moved and pressed 

 down upon the lower ; both are placed sideways in position, 

 as if intended by nature for seizure and pressure ; above 

 these large feet are two rough ones, a little below the 

 mouth ; and still lower, the branchial organs around the 

 mouth, which are rough and numerous, and these are con 

 tinually in motion ; it bends and approximates its two 

 rough feet towards its mouth ; the feet near the mouth have 

 smooth appendages. 



8. It has two teeth like the carabus. above these the long 



