8-4 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [_B. IT. 



the entrail, where the faeces are emitted, is near the head, and 

 is alike in all turbinated shells, whether terrestrial or marine. 



10. In the larger cochli a long white passage, contained 

 in a membrane, and in colour resembling the upper mastoid 

 tppendages, is joined from the stomach to the oesophagus, 

 and it is divided into segments like the ovum of thecarabus, 

 except that it is white, while the other is red. It has 

 Tieither exit nor passage, but it is contained in a thin mem- 

 brane, which has a narrow cavity. From the intestine 

 black and rough bodies descend continuously, like those in 

 the tortoise, but they are less black. 



11. Both these and white bodies occur in the marine cochli, 

 but they are less in the smaller kinds. The univalves and 

 bivalves are in some respects like these, and in others they 

 are different, for they have a head, horns, and mouth, and 

 something like a tongue, though in smaller species these 

 are inconspicuous from their minute size, and they are not 

 discernible when the animals are dead or at rest. They all 

 contain the mecon, but not in the same position, nor of the 

 same size, nor equally conspicuous. In the lepas it is in the 

 bottom of the shell, in the bivalves near the hinge. 



12. They all have hair-like appendages placed in a circle, 

 and so have the pectens, and that which is called the ovarium 

 in those that have it ; where it is possessed, it is placed in a 

 circle on the other side of the circumference, like the white 

 portion iu the cochli, for this is alike in all. All these parts, 

 as I have said, are conspicuous in the larger kinds, but in 

 smaller not at all, or scarcely so, wherefore they are most 

 conspicuous in the larger pecteus, and these have one valve 

 flat like an operculum. 



13. The anus is placed in the side in some of these crea 

 tures, for this is where the excrement passes out. The mecon, 

 as I have said, is a superfluous part enclosed in a thin mem 

 brane in all of them ; that which is called the ovarium has no 

 passage in any of them, but it swells out in the flesh. This is 

 not placed upon the intestine, for the ovarium is on the right 

 side and the intestine on the left ; the anus is the same as in 

 others ; but in the wild patella, as some persons call it, or the 

 sea-ear (haliotis), as it is named by others, the excrement 

 passes out below the shell, for the shell is perforated. The 

 stomach also is distinct behind the mouth, and so is the ova- 



