B. TV.] THE niSTOnT OF ANIMALS. 95 



a sound with the air within them, not with that which is 

 external, for some of them breathe not, some of them buzz, 

 as the bee with its wings, and others are said to sing, as the 

 grasshopper. All these make a noise with the membrane 

 which is beneath the division of their body in those which 

 have a division, as some families of grasshoppers by the 

 friction of the air. These insects, bees, and all other insects 

 raise and depress their wings in flight, for the sound is the 

 friction of the air within them. Locusts produce a sound 

 by rubbing themselves with their legs, which are adapted 

 for leaping. None of the malacia utter any sound or natural 

 voice, nor do the malacostraca. 



3. Fish also are mute, for they have neither lungs, 

 trachea, nor pharynx. Some of them utter a sound and a 

 squeak ; these are said to havea voice, as the lyra 1 and chromi, 2 

 for these utter, as it were, a grunt ; so does the capros, a fish 

 of the Achelous, the chalceus 3 and coccyx, 4 for the one 

 utters a sound like hissing, the other a noise like that of 

 the cuckoo, from whence also its name is derived. Some of 

 these utter their apparent voice by the friction of their 

 gills, for these places are spinous, in others the sound is 

 internal, near the stomach. For each of them has an organ 

 of breathing, which causes a sound when it is pressed and 

 moved about- 



4. Some of the selachea also appear to whistle, but they 

 cannot be correctly said to utter a voice, only to make a 

 sound. The pecteus also make a whizzing noise when they 

 are borne upon the surface of the water, or Hying, as it is 

 called ; and so do the sea-swallows, 5 for they a.t&amp;gt;o fly through 

 the air in the same way, not touching the sea, for they have 

 wide and long fins. As the sound made by birds Hying 

 through the air is not a voice, so neither can either of these 

 oe properly so called. The dolphin also litters a whistle 

 and lows when it comes out of the water into the air, in a 

 different way from the animals above-mentioned for this 

 is a true voice, for it has lungs and a trachea, but its tongue 

 is not free, nor has it any lips so as to make an articulate 

 Bound. 



6. The oviparous quadrupeds, with a tongue and lunge, 



1 Trigla Lyra. 2 Coitus cataphractiie. 3 Zeus faber. 



4 Trigla hirundo. * Flying fish. 



