100 THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS. [B. IV. 



the females, except the hemionus, but the females of this 

 animal are both larger and longer lived : in oviparous and 

 viviparous animals, as in fish and insects, the females are 

 larger than the males, as the serpent, phalangium, 1 ascala- 

 botes, 2 and frog ; in fish likewise, as in most of the small 

 gregarious selache, and all that inhabit rocks. 



6. It is evident that female fishes have longer lives than 

 males, because females are caught of a greater age than the 

 males ; the upper and more forward parts of all animals 

 are larger and stronger, and more firmly built in the male ; 

 the hinder and lower parts in the female. This is the case 

 in the human subject, and all viviparous animals with feet : 

 the female is less sinewy, the joints are weaker, and the 

 hairs finer, in those with hair ; in those without hair, its 

 analogues are of the same nature ; the female has softer 

 flesh and weaker knees than the male, the legs are slighter ; 

 the feet of females are more graceful, in all that have 

 these members. 



7. All females, also, have a smaller and more acute voice 

 than the males, but in oxen the females utter a deeper sound 

 than the males ; the parts denoting strength, as the teeth, 

 tusks, horns, and spurs, and such other parts, are possessed 

 by the males, but not by the females, as the roe-deer has 

 none, and the hens of some birds with spurs have none ; 

 the sow has no tusks : in some animals they exist in both 

 sexes, only stronger and longer in the males, as the horns of 

 bulls are stronger than those of cows. 



1 Aranea tarantula. * Lacert* Gtakkc. 



