124 THE HISTORY Ol ANIMALS. [B. T. 



3. There are three kinds of these, the flat worms, the 

 tound worms, and those which are called ascarides. From 

 these creatures nothing is produced ; but the broad worm is 

 attached to the intestine, and produces something like the 

 seed of the colocynth, and this is used by physicians as a 

 proof of the presence of the worm. 



4. Butterflies are produced from caterpillars ; and these 

 originate in the leaves of green plants, especially the rha- 

 phahus, which some persons call crambe. At first they are 

 smaller than millet, afterwards they grow into little worms, 

 in three days they become small caterpillars, afterwards they 

 grow and become motionless, and change their form. In 

 this state the creature is called chrysalis. It has a hard 

 covering, but moves when it is touched. They are united 

 to something by weblike processes, and have no mouth nor 

 any other visible organ. After a short time the covering is 

 burst, and a winged animal escapes, which is called a but 

 terfly. 



5. At first, while in the caterpillar state, they take food 

 and evacuate foeces, but in the chrysalis state they do nei 

 ther. The same is the case with all other creatures which 

 originate in worms, and those which produce worms after 

 sexual intercourse, or even without this process ; for the 

 offspring of bees, anthrense, and wasps, while they are young 

 worms, consume food and evacuate excrement, but when 

 from worms they receive their conformation they are called 

 nymphse, and neither feed nor evacuate, but remain quiet in 

 their covering until they are grown. They then make their 

 escape by cutting through a place where the cell is fastened on. 



6. The peuia 1 and hypera 2 also are produced from a 

 kind of campe (caterpillar) which make a wave as they 

 walk, and as they advance bend the hinder extremity 

 up to that which has preceded. The creature pro 

 duced always derives its colour from the campe in which 

 it originates. A certain great worm, which has as it were 

 horns, and differs from others, at its first metamorphosis 

 produces a campe, afterwards a bombylius, and lastly 

 a necydalus. It passes through all these forms in sii 

 months From this animal some women unroll and separate 

 the bombycina (cocoons), and afterwards weave them. Itii 



1 Some species of larva 2 Geometra. 



