X PREFACE 



product turned out by the schools which have been control- 

 ling the intellectual development of the children for eight 

 years. 



Character, individuality, citizenship, knowledge, indus- 

 trial ability, general culture, these have been the desired 

 lines of progress for our schoolrooms. Along them there 

 has been felt a strengthening, intensifying, broadening in- 

 fluence that has been unquestionable in its formative power. 

 It is in the hope of aiding to perpetuate these aims known 

 and reached out after by all true teachers that we offer this 

 book to our fellow-workers. 



Grateful acknowledgments are extended to Mr. James 

 A. Barr, Superintendent of the Stockton City Schools, for 

 his unfailing help and ready suggestions; to the teachers, 

 who have kindly permitted the use of extracts from sum- 

 maries submitted by them of their work and methods; to 

 Mr. Edward Hughes and Mr. S. H. Cohn, who have made 

 possible a greater completeness of treatment by their liberal 

 contributions on nature study and geography; and to Mrs. 

 Alice Smallfield Schneider, whose careful development of 

 the word study is the basis of the thoughts here presented on 

 that subject. 



Believing that ordinarily the busy teacher has time for 

 only a few reference books, the lists appended to the subjects 

 are short, containing only some of the books that have been 

 found to contain the most direct help or the most suggestive 

 guidance. 



ROSA V. WlNTERBURN. 



Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, 

 May 23, 1906. 



