138 METHODS IN TEACHING 



able limits, seldom extending beyond one hundred. The 

 pupils count by I's, 2's, 5's, and ID'S, both forwards and 

 backwards. 



" In applying the number facts learned, such common 

 measuring units as the cent, nickel, dime; inch, foot, yard, 



square inch, square foot, cubic inch; pint, 

 Measuring 

 Unitg quart; pound; dozen, are constantly used. 



In so far as possible, the measuring units 

 are used by the children themselves. Estimates by obser- 

 vation and verification by measurement are an important 

 factor of the work. Drawing lines and surfaces at the 

 blackboard, modeling at the sand table, stick laying, string- 

 ing beads, measuring water or sand, are among the exer- 

 cises that may be noted in the various grades. 



" The following from a second year plan book will give 

 an idea of the use of the foot rule in the application of the 



number facts learned: 

 * " i. Addition. Measure a stick. Draw 



a line one inch longer; two inches longer. 



" 2. Subtraction. Measure a stick. Draw a line one 

 inch shorter; two inches shorter. 



" 3. Multiplication. Take two sticks equal in length. 

 Draw a line as long as the two together. As long as three 

 sticks. Measure a cardboard square. Draw an oblong as 

 long as four squares ; as two. 



" 4. Division. Measure a stick. Draw as many one-inch 

 lines as equal it. As many two-inch lines. 



" 5. Partition. Measure a stick. Draw a line half as 

 long. Draw one one-fourth as long. One and one-half 

 times as long. 



