258 METHODS IN TEACHING 



given to the development of industries, religions, and 

 governments, all of which indicate the degree of civiliza- 

 tion attained. 



The following thoughts are selected from a teacher's 

 method sheet 1 : 



Before treating the methods employed in the seventh 

 grade it is advisable to reconsider the knowledge already 

 possessed by the child. In the fifth year the pupil becomes 

 acquainted with the simpler physiographic forces, such as 

 air, water, heat within the earth. He learns the result of 

 the rotation of the earth and becomes familiar with the loca- 

 tion of the zones. He learns in a large way about his 

 country, the continent as a whole, the United States, the 

 countries to the north and to the south. A similar view but 

 with less of detail is given of the other countries of the 

 world. In the sixth year there is a deeper insight into the 

 physiographic forces. The continent of North America, 

 especially the United States, receive more intensive treat- 

 ment. On this foundation is built the work of the seventh 

 grade. 



The methods employed are treated under the following 

 heads : physical forces, physiography, industrial conditions, 

 social conditions, maps and map drawing. 



By the use of a globe and a baseball the revolution of 

 the earth is shown. The earth's rotation and the phe- 

 nomena of day and night are explained by 

 Forces* 1 shutting out the daylight and using a candle 



and the globe. A series of experiments is 

 conducted to show the circulation of air and water in an 



*Mr. S. H. Cohn, principal of a grammar school and teacher of 

 the seventh grade. 



