14 SOILS OF THE EASTEEN UNITED STATES. 



more rolling and better-drained uplands where both surface and 

 internal drainage are excellent and where the air drainage over the 

 orchard sites is also good that apple orcharding upon a commercial 

 scale should be undertaken. Lower lying areas where water drainage 

 is interrupted or where there is not a free circulation of air should 

 be avoided for any extensive apple planting. The varieties best 

 suited to planting upon this type are the old standard northern 

 winter apples, the Rhode Island Greening and the Northern Spy. 

 Of these, the Greening is rather better suited to production upon 

 the Miami clay loam. Other minor varieties may be grown, but the 

 chief commercial plantings should be of the varieties named. 



The soil is altogether too heavy and the subsoil too dense for the 

 production of peaches. Upon well-drained areas of the Miami clay 

 loam the small fruits, particularly raspberries, currants, and straw- 

 berries, might well be grown, not only for home supply, but also for 

 near-by city markets. 



There has been very little development of market gardening or 

 trucking upon the area of this type, with the single exception of a 

 locality in central Indiana, where tomatoes and green peas dominate 

 the crops grown. There would be an excellent opportunity for the 

 production of cabbage and even of onions upon the lower lying por- 

 tions of the type, especially where the dark-colored muck soil, which 

 is frequently found in the hollows within the area of the type, has a 

 depth of 6 to 8 inches or more. 



In general, however, the Miami clay loam is too valuable as a grass 

 and grain-producing soil to be devoted to special crops, except in such 

 cases as possess unusual local market facilities, or unusual oppor- 

 tunities for rapid transportation to the larger cities. In fact, the 

 value<of this type for the production of corn, wheat, and grass has been 

 so thoroughly recognized that these crops have practically excluded 

 the growing even of oats. 



As a result of the crop adaptations of the Miami clay loam, the 

 proper disposal of the farm crops annually produced has led the 

 majority of farmers into some form of animal production to supple- 

 ment the sale of corn or wheat or other grain crops. In the State 

 of Ohio and in southern Michigan dairying constitutes the chief form 

 which this crop disposal takes. Both the corn and the hay are ex- 

 tensively fed to dairy cows, while the areas of pasturage are utilized 

 for the summer production of milk. A considerable proportion of 

 the milk is sold direct in the large cities, but creameries and ch> 

 factories are also maintained for the manufacture of the greater 

 part of the milk flow. In this connection young stock, calves, anc 

 swine are extensively fed for the purpose of a supplementary sale of 

 beef, veal, and pork. It is within the area occupied by the Miai 

 clay loam also that the principal sheep-breeding industry, which is 

 still maintained in the eastern States, finds its place. The sheep are 



