So 



HEULAND1TE. 



H1PPIDES. 



86 



of the stamens, eventually diverging ; the capsule crowned by the 

 withered flower, at the lower part united to the calyx, 1-celled, 

 dehiscing between the styles. The species are herbs with leafless 

 stems, radical leaves, and racemose or panicled flowers. 



H. Americana, Alum-Root, has rough scapes and leaves, and the 

 whole plant pubescent ; the leaves on long petioles, somewhat 5-7- 

 loted, toothed; the inflorescence elongated, panicled; the lobes of 

 the calyx short, obtuse ; the petals lanceolate, the length of the calyx ; 

 the stamens much exserted. This plant is a native of North America, 

 where it has obtained, on account of its astringent properties, the 

 name of Alum-Root. It contains tannin, and it is to this priuciple 

 that its astringent character is to be ascribed. The other species 

 contain tannin, but are not used for any purpose in the arts or 

 medicine. 



(Don, Dichlamydeout Plantt ; Lindley, Flora Medico.) 



HEULAND1TE, a Mineral occurring crystallised and masfivtv 

 Primary form an oblique rhombic prism. Cleavage parallel to the 

 oblique diagonal of the prism, very distinct. Fracture uneven, 

 slightly conchoidal. Hardness 3-5 to 4. Brittle. Colour white, 

 brown, gray, yellow, and red. Translucent, transparent. Lustre 

 vitreous, pearly on the cleavage planes. Streak white. Specific 

 gravity 2'2. The massive varieties are granular. It is found in Scot- 

 land, Ireland, Iceland, and tbe Faroe Islands, usually lining cavities 

 in trap rocks. 



Before the blow-pipe it fuses with ebullition and phosphorescence 

 into a white opaque globule. It does not gelatinise in acids. 



The following are analyses by Thomson and Rammelsberg : 



Thomson. Rammelsberff. 

 . 59-145 68-2 



Silica 

 Alumina 

 Lime 

 Water . 



17-920 



7-652 



15-400 



100-117 99-0 



Lincolnile is a form of this mineral. 



HIANS, Lac<!pcde'a name for the Urallatorial Bird called the Open- 

 Beak or Open-Bill, Aruutomut of Illiger. 



HIATELLA. [PVLOBIDIA.] 



HIBBEKTIA. [DIIXENUCEJ:.] 



HIBISCUS, so named from one of the Greek names (tplfficos) of the 

 Hallow, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Malvaceae. 



The species, upwards of 100 in number, of this genus, are chiefly 

 herbaceous, though of a large size, but a few are perennial and 

 arboreous. They abound in the hot parts of Asia and America, and also 

 in Africa and the tropical islands ; a few extend into Europe, North 

 America, and to the Cape of Good Hope. //. Trionum, which occurs 

 in Europe, is also found in Cashmere. 



The genus is characterised by having an exterior many-leaved 

 calyx ; carpels united into a five-celled capsule ; valves with the 

 partitions in their middle ; cells many-seeded, or very rarely contain- 

 ing only a single seed. The species are remarkable, like the family 

 to which they belong, for abounding in mucilage, and for the tenacity 

 of the fibre of their bark, whence several are employed for many eco- 

 nomical purposes in the different countries where they are indigenous. 

 The abundance of mucilage in some of the species renders them 

 useful as articles of diet, as the unripe fruit of H. etculentut, the Okro 

 inbo of the West Indies, which is employed both for thickening 

 iioup and as a vegetable ; so in India //. lonyifuliut, there called Ram 

 Turai, is similarly employed, and much approved of by many Euro- 

 peans, but objected to by others on account of its clamminess. The 

 calyxes of //. Sabdariffa as they ripen become of a red colour and are 

 pleasantly acid, whence in the West Indies the plant is called Red 

 Sorrel. The calyxes are employed there, as well as in India, for 

 making tarts ; and a decoction of them, sweetened and fermented, is 

 described in Browne's ' Jamaica ' as a cool and refreshing drink, much 

 used in many of the sugar islands. //. Syriaciu and //. Rota Sinauii 

 are known as ornamental plants ; the flowers of the latter are employed 

 for blackening the eyebrows, as well as leather, both in India and China. 



The species of flibiiciu are chiefly useful for the tenacity of their 

 fibre, and hence several are employed in rope-making. Thus H, can- 

 n'lhinia is cultivated everywhere in India in the rainy season for this 

 purpose, and its fibre is often imported into Europe as a substitute 

 for hemp. It is known by the name Sun in Northern India, Ambaree 

 in Western India, and Mesta Pat in Bengal. In the island of Otaheite 

 rope and string are manufactured from the bark of H. tiliaceut, which 

 is also made into matting of a white colour, and of different degrees of 

 '. Fonder states that the bark is also sucked as an article of 

 'lii-t, when the bread-fruit fails there : it is also so employed in New 

 Caledonia. Indeed the mucilage which all these plants contain will 

 no doubt afford some nourishment. In the West Indies, the whips 

 with which the slaves were lashed were made from the fibres of 

 // .// Ijure-ut (Mohoe or Mohaul). The bark of so many species of this 

 being used for its tenacity, it is impossible to enumerate all. 

 I >r Koxburg particularly recommends the cultivation in India of II. 

 ttrictui, in consequence of it long, fine, and strong fibres, of a beau- 

 tiful glossy white appearance, and as likely to be an advantageous 

 itute for snch as are already cultivated for this purpose. 



//'/<mi Abelm<achiu, so called from Hab-al-Mooshk, the Arabic 



name of its musk-scented seeds, is now often named Abelmoschus 

 moac/iatus, and formed into a new genus. Its seeds are said to be 

 added to coffee in Arabia, and are in India employed as a cordial 

 medicine. The plant abounds in mucilage, and is employed in the 

 process of clarifying. 



HIBO'LITHUS, one of De Montfort's subdivisions of Selemnites. 



HIBOU. [&TBWIDA] 



HICKORY. [CARYA.] 



HIERA'CIUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Composites. The heads are many-flowered, the involucre imbricated 

 with many oblong scales. Fruit terete, angular, and furrowed, with 

 a very short creiiulated margin. There are nineteen British species of 

 this genus, but none of them are valuable on account of the properties 

 they possess. 



H. PilosMa has a leafless single-headed stem ; elliptic-lanceolate or 

 lanceolate leaves, hairy above, glabrous beneath. The flowers are of 

 a pale lemon colour with a red stripe on the back. It is found on ihy 

 banks and elevated places. 



II. alpinum has lanceolate leaves narrowed into a foot-stalk, entire 

 or toothed ; the involucre is covered with long silky hairs, and the 

 florets externally hairy and of a bright yellow colour. It is found on 

 rocks in Great Britain. 



(Babiugtou, Manual of Britieh Botany.) 



HIERAX. [KALCONIWB.] 



HIERO'CHLOE, a genus of Grasses belonging to the Pkalarideic. 

 It has two glumes, nearly equal, membranous, 3-nerved, about as long 

 as the flowers ; 3 flowers, the lower with 3 stamens, the upper 

 palea with 2 keels, the upper flowers with both stamens and pistils ; 

 the stamens 2, the upper palea with 1 keel. One species of this 

 genus, the H. boreatit, has been found in Great Britain : it has an 

 erect panicle, glabrous pedicels, and flowers without awns. The stem 

 is about a foot high. It has only been found in Scotland. (Babiugton, 

 Mn n ual of Brititlt Botany.) 



H1ERO-FALCO, Cuvier's generic name for the Gyrfalcous. 

 [FALCONID.E.] 



HIGHTEA, a genus of Fossil Plants from the Isle of Sheppey. 

 (Bowerbank.) 



HIMANTHALIA. [FUCACE*:.] 



HIMA'NTOPUS, the generic name for the Long-Legged Plover, 

 Longshanks, or Stilt. [SCOLOPACID>.] The term is also applied by 

 Muller to a genus of M icrozoaria. 



HINNITES. ffl. Defrance gave this name to a few fossil species of 

 Conchifera Monomyaria, which occur in supracretaceous strata ; one 

 (II. Jhibuisionii, of Sowerby) is found in the English Crag. 



HIPPA. [HIPPIDES.] 



HIPPA'LIMUS, a genus of Zoopliyta proposed by Lamouroux. 

 Goldfuss supposes that it may be included in his genus Scyphia. It 

 is fungiform and pedieulated, with pores on the upper surface only, and 

 a deep central pit. From the blue marls of the department of Calvados. 



H1PPELAPHUS. [CKBVIDA] 



HIPPIDES (Latreille), Jlippa Tribe, Hippians of Milne-Edwards, a 

 family of Crustacea. Milne-Edwards thus describes these Crustaceans 

 belonging to his family of Pteryyura. The tribe is composed of a' 

 small number of anomurous crustaceans which appear to be especially 

 framed for burrowing in the sand, and which present extraordinary 

 forms. The carapace is longer than it is wide, and very convex trans- 

 versely, presenting always on each side a great lamellar prolongation, 

 which more or less covers the base of the feet ; it is truncated pos- 

 teriorly, and appears to be continuous with the anterior portion of 

 the abdomen, which is very wide and lamellar laterally. One of the 

 pair of antenna; is always very long. The external jaw-feet do not 

 present a conformation like that which is observable in the greater 

 part of the crustaceans treated of in the prior part of Milne-Edward's 

 system ; vhey have neither flagrant (fouet) nor palp, and their last 

 three joints are very well developed. The sternum is linear, and the 

 feet ale imperfectly extensile ; those of the first pair are rnouodac- 

 tylous, or subcheliform, and those of the two or three succeeding 

 pairs are terminated by a lamellar joint proper for burrowing. The 

 posterior feet are filiform, semimembrauous, recurved forwards, and 

 hidden between the lateral parts of the carapace and the base of the 

 preceding feet. The penultimate ring of the abdomen is always 

 furnished with a pair of false feet, terminated by two more or less 

 oval ciliated blades or lamina; ; but these appendages have a forward 

 curvature, and are not applied against the seventh segment so as to 

 form with it a fan-shaped caudal-tin, as in the Macrura. The vulva; 

 are on the first joint of the third pair of feet. The branchial are 

 disposed on a single line and inserted by a peduncle which rises near 

 the lower third of their internal surface. 



This tribe is divided into three genera, which Milne-Edwards 



distributes as follows : 



Genera. 



External antenna; large, short, f Anterior feet subcheli- 1 n . 

 and terminated by a uiulti- furm. J 



articulate rudimentary fila- ] Anterior feet cylindri-") 

 ment. \ cal, mouodaetyluus, {.,,...., n 



and not at all sub- f A " > 

 I cheliform. J 



External antenna; very large, and terminated by a I r[ . 

 stout and very long filament. J "w* 



