1'-. 



HALISPONGIA. 



HALTICA. 



fore united the two Lamarckian genera under the appellation Stoma- 

 tifi. He thus characterises the genus thus reformed : Shell pearly 

 within, mostly coloured externally ; suborbicular or long, generally 

 ear-shaped and depressed. The spire, in most species, prominent, 

 but not produced nor elongated ; sometimes very small, marginal and 

 inconspicuous. Aperture mostly longitudinal, in some species nearly 

 orbicular, in others much elongated, always very large ; its edges 

 entire, united at the upper part, and scarcely modified or altered in 

 form by any portion of the last volution. Volutions from two to 

 four. Muscular impressions two, seldom distinct, nearly marginal, 

 and in the open part of the shell. 



Mr. Sowerby goes on to state that Stomatia appears to be related to 

 llnl i.'jtii, and is therefore rightly placed by Lamarck among his 

 Macrostomes. One of its species is arranged by Linnaeus, he adds, as a 

 Maliotla, under the name of H. imperforoto, (GmeL). Mr. Sowerby 

 does not pretend to discuss the question of their resemblance to 

 Lamarck's Turbinacdes ; but only observes that in general form some 

 of them approach very nearly to some of Lamarck's Monodontes. 

 The Stomatue, he states in conclusion, are marine, and he says that 

 all the species he has seen were brought from the East Indies and 

 Au-tralia. 



iias been found at a depth of seven fathoms, adhering to 

 Melta<jrin(E and corals. 



The following genera are referred by some writers to HaliottcUe, 

 Brodtrijiia, Sciitureila, Pleurotomaria, Murchisania, Trochotoma, Jan- 

 thina. [TciiBiNiD/E ; JANTHINID.E.] 



HALISPO'NGIA. According to the structure and composition of 

 the numerous species of Sponges, they may be divided into genera. 

 If, in accordance with the observations of Dr. R. Grant, we consider 

 sponges hi three groups, one having a horny tubular structure, another 

 containing calcareous spiculai, a third containing siliceous spicuke, 

 we may adopt the three generic types, Spongia, Calcitponyia, and 

 JJalmjivnyia, of De Blaiuville. 



llul'utponyia is thus characterised: Mass more or less rigid or 

 friable, of irregular figure, porous, traversed by winding canals, which 

 end in openings scattered over the surface ; substance subcartilagiuous, 

 supported by simple siliceous spicukc. 



The species exhibit various external forms, encrusting, branching, 

 or foliaceous. Dr. Fleming includes them under the title flaliclumdria. 

 [SFO.M;IAD.K] 



HALITHE'A, a genus of marine Dorsibranchiate Annelids be- 

 longing to the family Aphrudilidtt. [ANXELiu.v.] 



HALKET, a kind of Seal [PHOCIDJI] 



HALLI'RHOA, the name proposed by Lamouroux for a group of 

 Fossil Polyparia, referred by many writers to Alcyonia. The spheroidal 

 figure, contracted base, deep central pit, and pores on the surface, 

 appear the characters most relied on by Lamouroux. Goldfuss gives 

 characters for the genus Kiphon'ui of Parkinson, which may include 

 the two species mentioned by Lamouroux from the vicinity of Caen 

 and the Vaches Noires. Hallirhoa costata of Lamouroux is found in 

 the Greensand of Normandy and England. 



HALLOYLITE, a Mineral named after Dr. Omalius d' Holly, a 

 French geologist. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina. It occurs, 

 massive and earthy, resembling a compact steatite. It yields to the 

 iiail and may be polished by it. It has a white or bluish colour. 

 Adheres to the tongue, and small pieces become transparent in water. 

 It is found at Liege and at Baj-onne in France. It has the following 

 composition : 



Silica 39-5 



Alumina . 34-0 



\Viit ,.-r 26-5 



100-0 



HALLOYSITE. [HALLOYUTE.] 



HALMATrurs. IKAViARoo.] 



HAI.O'DKOMA, Illiger's name fora genus of Sea-Birds allied to 

 thi: IVticU and Albatrosses. [LARID.K.] 



H ALO'NIA, a genus of Fossil Plants, allied to lepidodendron, and 

 occurring in the Gal Formation. [CoAL PLANTS.] 



H ALORAGA'CE/E, Hippvnd*. a small group of Exogenous Plants, 



of which inhabit watery places, and all of which have minute 



ma flowers. In consequence of the calyx being superior, 



the embryo without much albumen, and some of them having four 



petals, they are often considered to form a peculiar section of Onagra- 



ctte, or if separated from that order, are at least stationed in the 



immediate vicinity of it. Upon this supposition, they are looked upon 



as an imperfect condition of the Onagraceous type, bearing the same 



relation to it as Sanyuiiorbefe to Rosaceae, Cltamcelauciece to Myrlacete, 



or .!/<,., ./; to other 1'abacete. But in the present uncertainty 



regarding the true affinity of many natural orders of plants, we must 



not consider this a settled point On the contrary, it is not impro- 



' hat Haloragacea constitute an imperfect form of the great Epigy- 



noui group of Exogens, of which Ounyracete are only one of the 



members. What renders it peculiarly difficult to determine the real 



affinity of this little group i, that as it is now constituted, it offers 



striking modification* of development both in the organs of vegetation 



and those of fructification. While Jlalaragit has a stem with a 



coinpl.-t.. v:,,.;nUir organisation, and regularly constructed leaves, 



'"in has its vascular system reduced to a rudimentary con- 



dition, and in some of the species the leaves themselves appear only 

 in the form of filiform ramifications ; and in ffippuris, the development 

 of the vascular system of both stem and leaves is still further reduced. 

 In like manner in the flowers, Haloragis has four petals, eight stamens, 

 four stigmas, and four cells to the ovary ; Proserpinaca has no petals, 

 three stamens, three stigmas, and three cells to the ovary ; and 

 Hippuris has no petals, one stamen, one stigma, and but one cell to 

 the ovary. This latter genus is a common plant in the marshes and 

 meadows of this country, where it is vulgarly called Mare's-Tail. 



Common Mare's Tail (Hippuris vulgarit). 



1, a single flower, with its bract, much magnified ; 2, a vertical section of 

 the ovary, showing a single ovule hanging from the apex of a single cell ; 3, a 

 vertical section of. a ripe fruit, showing the seed suspended in the interior, and 

 the dicotyledonous embryo. 



Damp places, ditches, and slow streams in Europe, North America, 

 Southern Africa, Japan, China, Australia, and the South Sea Islands 

 are the resort of this order. 



HALOSCIAS (Fries), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural 

 order Umbellifera, and the tribe Seselinea:. It has a calyx of 5 small 

 persistent teeth ; the petals ovate with an inflexed lobe and short 

 claw ; the fruit elliptical, terete, or slightly dorsally compressed ; 

 carpels with five sharp somewhat winged ridges; interstices and 

 commissure with many vittte ; seed not cohering to the carpel, without 

 vittae. One species of this genus is a native of Great Britain. 



//. Scoticum, Scottish Lovage, is found on rocks on the sea-coast of 

 Scotland and Northumberland. It has an herbaceous stem, tinged 

 with red, from 12 to ] 8 inches high. 



(Babington, Manual.) 



HALTICA, a genus of Insects belonging to the order Coleop- 

 tera, and to the tribe GaleruciUe of the family Cyclica. It includes 

 the insects called Black Fleas, Turnip -Flea, or Turnip -Fly. The 

 species of the genus Hallica are remarkable for their power of 

 leaping, which is effected by means of the peculiar formation of their 

 very thick hind legs. They are among the smallest of beetles, and 

 are variously coloured with green, brown, or yellpw, often brightly 

 shining. Some destroy the cabbage, others flax, others tobacco, or 

 hops ; but the turnip is the greatest sufferer from the ravages of these 

 little creatures, which, though small in size, are many in number. 



The species found on the turnips is the II. Nemorum, It is about 

 one-eighth of an inch long, is rather* flattened, and of a brassy-black 

 colour, thickly dotted ; the wing-cases are greenish-black, with a palo 

 yellow broad line on each, the base of the antennas and legs of a paler 

 colour. The eggs are deposited on the under side of a rough leaf 

 from April to September.- They hatch in two days, and the larva 

 attain perfection in sixteen days. The chrysalis is fixed in the earth 

 :i fortnight. They love sunshine, warmth, and fine weather, and eat 

 away the surface of the young leaves of the plant with voracity. 

 The larva feeds within the full-grown leaf, iu which the egg has 

 been laid and attached by its parent, but does little or no mischief to 

 the growth of the plant. It is the beetle which destroys the first 



