HORBHOUKD. 



_ 



Two-Rowed Barleys. 



HOKXBILLS. 



1M 



upon 



the 



(Low. 1 ! 



*w 

 Sk 



of Agriculture, 1 p. 238.) 

 ; grain* looeeinthe 



y.aep I now.uof unknown 



It is eaid to hmrTb^o introduced into EngUnd in the year 

 bit it b mUd to h. |*vliuclctor.undtered 

 al in am* put* of Europe 

 JiiiL,'8p-IVliS)- EM. conical ; awn* spreading 



(iiiL,p-- 



esne.;. toa (UUliform manner; grains adhering to the 

 nh7 spreading direction of the awns, the ear* of thu 

 mSohWid. figure * the top than at the bottom, 

 t H has be.ne.tfed Battledore Barley; it aUo bear. 

 of Sprat-Barley. It U little oultiTted in EngUnd, because 

 of it* rtimw ; iu native country U unknown. 



rcfnarfceu that UMre U no men uuug mm y 

 crowing in four row*, the circumstance by which Linnaeus < 

 Jf. rmlaart, and that all meh appearance* are merely impel 

 of //. tuaatidia*! The native country of thu ipecie* U 



The French call H, on account of iu good qu 



& B. .fyiftnu (RoyU 1 * Manuscript*). 

 arranged in a oonfused manner, not in row* ; 

 and bent downward*; grain* loose in the 



of the 



Six-Rowed Barley*. 



4. n. *-*l4* (Linn., 'Sp, PL,' 1M). Ear. cylindrical ; awns 

 very long, rough, and rigid, rather spreading away from the ear; 

 STadherin*; to the husk. It does not appear in what way the 

 mlgrnn ofLinnaras diner* from this. Professor Lowe has justly 

 I the* there U no such thing a* a barley with the grains 

 ". , ,^ . --,, defined his 



, .jnperfect states 



01 a. MM .11 L - .-"country of thu specie, is unknown : 



it w the Bore, Bigg, or Winter Barley of farmers, and is particularly 

 valuable for ripening quicker than the Common Two-Rowed Barley ; 

 He train* are howevrr lighter, and it U considered an inferior species 

 to the last. To northern nation* with short summers it is however 

 invaluable. 



6. U. oyo4fcrurie*iM (Lowe 1 * ' Elements of Agriculture, 1 p. 238). 

 Ear cylindrical ; awns very long, rough, and rigid, rather spreading 

 away from the ear ; grain* loose in the husk. The origin of this, the 

 Naked Six-Rowed Barley, is unknown. It is extremely productive, 

 and to some part* of Europe it is reckoned the most valuable of all 

 The Fr*h call H, on account of it. good qualties, Orge Celeste. 



- " '-*- Ears cylindrical; florets 



awns soft, short, hooded, 

 husk. A most curious 



urin found in the northern part* of India, and probably in Tartary, 

 a* iU (rain* have been sent to EngUnd under the name of ' Tartarian 

 Wheat.' IU appearance i* more that of wheat than of barley, and 

 iu naked grain* assist the resemblance. It is however a genuine species 

 of /TenfciMk It appear* to be a productive plant, but little U a* yet 

 known of ite quality to this climate. 



Of moet of th* specie* there are many varieties, the most striking 

 of which ere those celled 'Black Barleys,' on account of the dark 

 colour of their husks. They are not of sufficient importance to require 

 particular notice, except in works treating of agriculture in great 

 detail [BABLIT, to ABW AXD So. Div.] 

 HoKKHorXD. [MABBCBIUK.] 

 HORNBEAM, ICABFIXI-S.] 



HOKSBILLS, a family of Bird* named after the genus Buceroi 

 Bmarida. They constitute a family of birds, the construction of 

 whoa* bill amete the attention at first sight, ami ornithologists have 

 not been entirely agreed as to the situation which the form ought to 

 ooeopy to th* eeriee. 



It k not at all improbable, from the geographical distribution of 

 the epecin. that (one of the species wen known to the ancient* ; but 

 whether the Tnganum* of Pliny and Solinua, or the Tragopttmaxt 

 of Peoponlue Mela, belonged to this genus i* not clear. That the 

 Khtooeero* Bud of Heeyehiu* and Vannu* we* one of the species U 

 at unlikely. Aldrovandus, Jonston, and Bontiust give the form the 

 esM n-MT. M do Ray and Willughby:, the Utter of whom give* two 

 feed Bfura* of heede, Boutin* also deioribe. one of the species under 

 the eypelhrio*j of Otmt /oUcnc, and another a* Corvui mtro-cornuto. 

 Pethrer received the bill of one (which he figures) from Kamel, under 

 the MOM of CWew, The description of the bird said by Jonston and 

 other* to here been killed as it was flying, when the ChrUtUns beat 

 the Turk* at th* battle of Lepanto (Naupactum), agree* well with the 



i gives the HombflU the name of Hydrocorax, following, not 

 *-, duetae, who (peaks of one of them under the title of 



UMM*, to hi* led edition of the 'Sntoma Natnr'(12th), place* the 

 HornbUK (era* AMTM, under th. fiat, between the Toucan. (Ram- 



TW TVei. ef miim eoetocW* U gaDlaaeMw Mrd, eoMidrrM bjr 

 Mer to W IsliraialHi Wt.r JMM^rfa sad Ike tvptaal rkeasaata. 

 t " Oerve* laelies esnetM, rm Kklaoserls Ari." 



Tae Hereel b41aa Bavea, or Topsa, eslled 



oi.u/0.) aud Jitpkmya. The feet he define* to be greajrUi Uuieliu 

 leave* Bucem in the same position. 



Latham also places the Hornbills among the Ptca, Fies, w 



Lode removes the form far from the Toucans, placing it at the 

 head ofhU Plattpodei and in his 16th order (bUl dentiUted), with the 

 Momoto, in hi* second division of his first sub-das, of bird*, or those 

 which have three anterior toes, and sometimes a hind toe, sometime* 



D iT Dumdril's second family of his second order, Passereaux, or 

 Passerine Bird*, consists of the Dmttro*tra, or Odontonnplui, 

 including two of the HornbilU, Momots, Plant-Cutters (Phytotoma). 



Illiger's VcHtirottra come between the Passerine Birds and Crows, 

 and belong to his second order, Ambulator*, or Walking Birds. 



Cuvier places the Bwxrida at the end of the Syndacty bun 

 Paerine Birds ; they are immediately preceded by the Todies (2W.u). 

 Next to the Buctrida, in his system, come the Scansorial Birda (Les 

 Urimpeurs), headed by the Jacamars (OaUmla, Briss.), which are 

 followed by the Woodpeckers. He speaks of the Bucenda as large 

 birds of Africa and the Indies, whose enormous bill renders them so 

 remarkable, and connects them with the Toucans, while their carnage 

 and habits bring them near to the Crows, and their feet are those 

 the Bee-Eaters and Kingfishers. 



M. Vieillot arranges the Hornbills and Momots in his family o 

 Prionota, in the second tribe (Anuodactyli) of his second order o 

 birds (Sylvieohf). 



M. Temminck introduces the Hornbills among the Omnivorous Birds, 

 the second order in his arrangement. 



Mr. Vigors place* the Bucerida: in the aberrant group of 

 Conirottra. Fregilut, in the opinion of that ornithologist, by its 

 curved and slender bill, leads immediately to the Birds of Paradise, 

 which, in conjunction with the Epimachut of Cuvier, terminates Mr. 

 Vigors's family of Cormda, and here, Mr. Vigors thinks, we shall 

 find the passage from the Corrida to the Bacerida. He speaks 

 indeed with considerable hesitation as to the situation of Epimachut, 

 but observes that, being more united in its front toes than the 

 Corrida in general, it holds a middle station, in respect to that 

 character, between the two groups ; while in the length and curvature 

 of its bill it approaches, in conjunction with many of the Paraduea, 

 to some of the extreme species of the Bucerida, among which, he 

 remarks, the Bucerot naiutut of Dr. Latham may be instanced. 



" We thus," says Mr. Vigors, " arrive at the singular family of 

 Bucerida, which seems to draw near to the preceding groups in iu 

 food and habits, as far at least as we can conclude from th. 

 imperfect accounts which are transmitted of them. From the strength 

 also of the formation of these birds, and the powers with which 

 they nre endowed, they seem to assert a title to a place iu the vicinity 

 of the group which is typical in the tribe. In one particular however 

 we may detect a deviation from the more perfect structure of that 

 type. The fore toes of all are strongly united at the base, the 

 external being joined to the middle as far as to the second articu- 

 lation ; an impediment which must considerably interfere with the 

 free action of the member. This deficiency is, on the other hand, 

 retrieved by the superior robustness and muscular conformation of 

 the whole limb. An analogous defect, and an analogous mode of 

 compensating for it, is observable in the Ostrich, a bird also, it is to 

 be observed, closely allied to the typical group of its own family ; 

 and in both instance* we may pronounce the deviation from the more 

 regular or perfect conformation to be a defect rather to the eye of the. 

 observer, an infringement upon what he would conceive to form the 

 ' beau-ideal ' of the typical character, than a defect in reality. We 

 may here deUy a moment to observe upon the causes that assign *o 

 totally remote a station from the present to the Todida, tftropida, 

 and Jfalcyonida, whose gressorial feet, as they are technically called, 

 are of precisely the same structure as those of Bucerot. In them, the 

 deficiency, accompanied by a corresponding weakness of the whole 

 member, is real, and of sufficient consequence to deprive the bird 

 of the means of using its legs and feet to advantage. The force and 

 powers of these parts are in fact transferred to the wings, which are 

 thus endowed with a more than usual (hare of strength, in order to 

 afford the bird a more than usual assistance in the aerial mode of 

 seeking its food which it is assigned by nature. In the Buceroi, on 

 the other hand, the gressorial feet are accompanied by a superior 

 robustness, which counterbalanceB their inferiority in form. And 

 hence the family may consistently maintain its station in the vicinity 

 of the more perfectly formed and typical groups of the Jniatora 

 which are now before us. The tendency, already observed, which 

 opposite point* of the circle in which a series of affinities is united 

 have to approach each -other, accounts for the resemblance here 

 pointed out between them otherwise discordant groups, and serves to 

 exiiUin the reason why the analogous reUtion between them has 

 been mistaken for a reUtion of affinity by systematic writers, *o far 

 as to induce them to arrange all the gressorial birds in one connected 

 group. Besides the genus Bucerot, Linn., the protuberance on the 

 bill of which varies iu almost every possible shape in which fancy 

 can embody it, the present family includes the Momotut of M. 

 HrisAon, which accords with the entire of that genus in its gressorial 

 feet, and with eevenl specie* of it, as the genus now stands, 



