HT.SNINA. 



with It, *nd in the greater number little or no 

 ' their form, and scarcely any of their mirwUnce, has 

 taken plan. I have found on iuuoereinf fragments of then bone* in 

 Mid till the phoaphate and oarbooato of lime wen removed, that 

 Marly the whole of their original gelatine hu been preferred. 



" Analofoo* OWN of animal remaiae preserved from decay by the 

 protection of aiatUr diluvial mud occur on the ooait of Earn near 

 Walton, and at Lawfcrd, near Rugby, in Warwickshire, Hera the 

 bone* of the BUM apaeis* of elephant, rhinoceros, and other diluvial 

 aaimal* occur in a eUU of frsabneai and perfection even exceeding 

 that of thoee in the care at Kirkdale, and from a similar cause, 

 MMly, their having been guarded from the aooee* of atmoepheric air, 

 or the percolation of water, by the argillaceous matrix in which they 

 have been imbedded ; whiUt other bone, that bare lain the same 

 length of time in diluvial eand or gravel, and hare been rabject to the 

 oooaUnt prrcoUtioo of water, hare lout their compactness and strength 

 and gnat part of their gelatine, and are often ready to fall to piece* on 

 the aUghteet tooeh, and thii where the bed. of clay and gravel alter- 

 nate in the aame quarry, at at Lawford. The bottom of the cave on 

 removing the mud was found to be strewed ail over like a dog- 

 let, from one end to the other, with hundreds of teeth and bones, 

 or rather splintered fragment* of bones of all the animals above 

 enumerated ; they were found in greatest quantity near its mouth, 

 simply became it* area in this part was most capacious ; thoee of the 

 larger animals elephant, rhinoceros, ftc. were found co-extensively 

 with all the rest, even in the inmost and smallest recesses. 



" Scarcely a single bone has escaped fracture, with the exception of 

 the astragalus and other hard and solid bones of the tarsus and carpim 

 joints, and those of the feet On some of the banes marks may be 

 traced which, on applying one to the other, appear exactly to fit the 

 form of the canine teeth of the hyena that occur in the cave. The 

 hyna*' bones have been broken and apparently gnawed equally with 

 thoee of the other animals. 



" Heaps of small splinters, and highly comminuted yet angular 

 frag moils of bones, mixed with teeth of all the varieties of animal* 

 above enumerated, lay in the bottom of the den, occasionally adhering 

 together by stalagmite, and forming, as has been before mentioned, 

 an oaseoot breccia. Many insulated fragments also are wholly or 

 partially enveloped hi stalagmite, both externally and internally. 

 Not one skull is to be found entire ; and it is so rare to find a large 

 bone of any kind that has not been more or less broken, that there is 

 no hope of obtaining the materials for the construction of a single 

 limb, and still leas of an entire skeleton. The jaw-bones also even of 

 the hyenas are broken to pieces like the rest ; and in the case of all 

 the animals, the number of teeth and solid bones of the tarsus and 

 carpus is more than twenty times as great as could have been supplied 

 by the individuals whose other bones we find mixed with them." 



Dr. Dockland continues : 



" Mr. Gibson alone collected more than three hundred canine teeth 

 of the hyama, which at least must have belonged to seventy-five 

 individuals, and, adding to these the canine teeth I have seen in other 

 eoUeotioas, I cannot calculate the total number of hyienas of which 

 then is evidence at lees than two or three hundred. The only remains 

 that have been found of the tiger species are two- large canine teeth 

 and two molar teeth, exceeding in size the largest lion's or Bengal 

 tiger**. Then is one tusk only of a bear, which exactly resembles 

 thoee of the extinct Vrnt tptUm of the caves of Germany. 



" la many of the most highly-preserved specimens of teeth and 

 bones there is a carious circumstance, which before I visited Kirkdale 

 had convinced me of the existence of the den, namely, a partial polish 

 and wearing away to a considerable depth of one side only : many 

 MOU of the larger bones have one entire side, or the 

 _ sof one side, rubbed down and worn completely smooth, 

 opposite aide and ends of the same bones are sharp and 

 , in the. same manner as the upper portion* of pitching 

 i in the street* become rounded and polished, whilst their lower 

 parta retain the exact form and angles which they possessed when 

 Bret laid down. This can only be explained by referring the partial 

 destomtiun of the solid bone to friction from the continual treading 

 of the hyanas and nibbing of their skins on the side that lay upper- 

 meet at the bottom of the den." 



The specie* of Hrona whoa* remai 

 onbenia the eaves at Kirk.lale and other 



HYAL.tfTDJE. 



in 



i have been found in such large 



.1 . . 



[dale and other parts of this country was 



t determined by Cuvier. It differs chiefly in it* larger and more 

 * proportion*; the scapula is narrower in proportion to its 

 articular extremity, and the deltoid cnet of the humerus is longer 

 and stronger. 



" In the numerous specimen*," says Professor Owen, " of the Fossil 

 Hya-oa from British localities which I have examined and compared 

 in public and private cotkotiona, I have not hitherto detected any 



of a species distinct from the Hytna 



"renoes observed have been tboe* only of siie and "dental 

 development, depending on diversity of sex and age. Of that fossil 



T**" "V^ 'fJ'S!, ""* "" * * ^P" 1 Hyna(^OT 

 IfempcamlaiM, Christol) no trace ha* presented iterlf to my notice. 

 It afmn to have been confined to the middle of France, Laiuniedoc 



"** n^/ ^"rl^", ^ V th * H / J "" UT bwn TSed b^ 

 Baker and Durand In the tertiary strata of the Sewalik Hills 



and, what i* more remarkable, were represented in the ancient Fauna 

 of South America by a specie* which it* discoverer Dr. Lund has 

 termed Hyana tuogrra" (Owen, BrilM Fouil MammaU.) 



H YAL/E'ID.-K, a family of Ptrropoda, according to the systems of 

 Lamarck and Cuvier, but belonging to the family Tkteottxnala (order 

 AporobrancMata) of De Illainville. M. Rang, in bin ' Tableau Melho- 

 dique,' follows De F<Sruasac in making the jfyalaida a family, and 

 enumerates the following genera as composing it : Cymbulia, Limaona, 

 llyalira, Cltodora, C'urirrio, Eurikia, and Ptyehe, 



The following are the characters of the family : Animal furnished 

 with a head, but it is not distinct, with a third natatory membrane 

 smaller and intermediate at the ventral part ; mouth situated at the 

 bottom of a cavity formed by the union of the locomotive organs. 



Shell nearly always present, and very variable in form. The shell 

 i* absent in the genus 1'tycht. 



CyaUnUia. Cuvier describes the Cymbulitr as having a cartilaginous 

 or gelatinous envelope in the form of a boat or slipper, beset with 

 points in longitudinal rows ; and the animal itself as possessing two 

 great wings of a vascular tissue, which are at once bronchia: and fins, 

 and between them on the open side a third smaller lobe, which is three- 

 pointed. The mouth with two small tentacula is placed between the 

 wings, towards the shut side of the shell, and above two small eye* 

 and the orifice of generation, whence issues an intromissive male 

 organ in the form of a small proboscis (trompe). The transparency 

 of the texture permit* the observer to distinguish the heart, the brain, 

 and the viscera through the envelopes. 



H. Rang gives the following characters of this genus : Animal 

 oblong, gelatinous, transparent, furnished with two eyes (?), two 

 tentacles (?), and a mouth in the form of a proboscis (trompe) Two 

 lateral fins, which are large and rounded, carry the vascular net of the 

 branchiae ; they are united at their base, on the posterior side, by an 

 intermediate appendage in form of an elongated lobe. 



Shell gelantinoso-cartilaginous, oblong, in the form of a slipper, 

 entirely covered with a delicate and hardly visible membrane , with a 

 superior opening, long and truncated at one of it* extremities. 



Cym'wlia. 



a, a, (Inn ; b, the Intorrae Hale lobe ; i, the vlsoera, i 

 A, the >bcll. 



th ruiiK h th<Th*ll ; 



The following is Mr. G. B. Sowerby's representation of Cymbulia 

 ('Genera, 1 No. 39). 



a, the xmm.l In the ohrll, wen from above j *, the holl, Men edgcwieo ; 

 c, the ihcll, teen from above. 



