]05 



HYLOBIUS. 



HYMENOMYCETES. 



168 



a lively description of the affectionate manners of another of these 

 apes towards those who made its captivity light by their kindness. 



H. agttii, the Wow- Wow, or Active Gibbon, may be taken as an 

 example of the genus. It has the forehead very low ; orbitary arches 

 very projecting; face blackish-blue in the male, and brown in the 

 female ; in the former a white band over the eyes, which unites with 

 the whitish whiskers. Hair of the body fine, except about the neck, 

 where it is longer and inclined to be woolly and curled ; upper part 

 chocolate-brown ; back and fore part of the thighs yellowish-brown, 

 but the colour varies a good deal according to the sex and age, the 

 young being paler than the adults and aged, and the very young 

 uniform yellowish-white. Height about 2 feet 7 or 8 inches. No 

 guttural sac. 



Wow- Wow (ITylo&ata agilit), female and young. 



It is very agile in its habits. As soon as they reach the forest they 

 set pursuit at defiance, swinging, leaping, and throwing themselves 

 from tree to tree with great rapidity. Notwithstanding the want of 

 the guttural sac they howl in a manner very nearly resembling the 

 Siamang, which has one. 



In captivity they are not very Kvely, as might be expected, from 

 the impossibility of their exerting that freedom of motion on which 

 their vivacity in a state of nature so much depends ; but though timid 

 they are goon re-assured, take pleasure in being caressed, and become 

 familiar and even playful. 



This species is found in the forests of Sumatra, where the species 

 is named Ungaputi. 



The Siamang of the Malays, Simia it/ndactyla of Sir Stamford 

 Raffle*' s ' Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made in Sumatra ' (' Linn. 

 Trans.,' xiii. 241), Pitlitciu ryndactyliw of Desmarest, Jli/lobatu tyn- 

 dactyltu of F. Cuvier, has a peculiar formation of the hands or feet 

 of the lower extremities, the index and middle fingers being united 

 as far as the middle of the second phalanx. This peculiarity would 

 seem to indicate a generic distinction, notwithstanding the similarity 

 of the teeth and skull to those of the rest of this tribe. These 

 Sumatran Apes, sluggish and timid as they are, exhibit strong 

 maternal affection ; for though, if any of the troop are wounded, the 

 rest abscond and leave them to their fate, the mother will remain with 

 her little one if it is hurt, and will suffer herself to be captured 

 rather than abandon it. The females are also generally very atten- 

 tive to their offspring, according to the accounts given by Messrs. 

 Diard and Duvaucel. 



The following species are given in the 'British Museum Catalogue' : 



Hylobata Hoolock, the Hoolock. It is the Siniia Hoolock, Harlan ; 

 II. Seyrilt* and H. Coromandut, Ogilby ; Jl. Ifoutoch, Lesson. 

 Aam(?). 



//. nyitii, the Oungha ; Pithecia agilii, Desmarest ; //. variegatiu, 

 Miiller; //. Jtaffleiii, (ieoffroy; //. Lar, F. Cuvier. Black specimens 

 ' rked from the Himalaya, and brown from Malacca. 



//. IMT, the Gibbon ; Uumo Lar, Linnaeus ; Strata longimana, 

 Solireber ; 8. allnmana, Vigors and Horsfield ; Le Grand Gibbon of 

 Buffon. It is native of Malacca. 



//. leuciiciu, the Silvery Gibbon, or Wow-Wow. Simla leuciica, 

 Schreber, Moloch, Audeb. Malacca. 



HYLOHICH. [COBODUa] 



1 1 V M K N'yEA (from ' Hymen,' in reference to its twin leaflets), a genus 

 of Plants belonging to the natural order Leguminont. It has a calyx 

 f annulled with two bracts at the base ; the tube turbinate, coriaceous ; 



the limb 4-5 parted, deciduous, with two lobes sometimes united into 

 one; 5 petals nearly equal, glandular; 10 stamens, distinct, inflated 

 in the middle ; the style filiform ; the legume woody, oblong, many- 

 seeded, containing fecula ; the embryo straight. The species are trees, 

 with bifoliate leaves, and corymbs of white or yellow flowers. 



H. Courbaril, Locust-Tree, or Gum-Anime Tree, has oblong ovate 

 leaflets, unequal-sided, and unequal at the base, ending in a long point ; 

 with the legume oblong, compressed, yellowish, shining. It is a fine 

 lofty spreading tree, and grows in the tropical parts of America and 

 in Jamaica. The seeds are enveloped in a cellular mealy substance, 

 which is sweet like honey, and is eaten by the Indians with great 

 avidity. When fresh it is slightly purgative, but by keeping it loses 

 this property. A decoction of this substance, when allowed to ferment, 

 forms an intoxicating drink resembling beer. From between the 

 principal roots of this tree there exudes a fine transparent resin, of 

 a red or yellowish-red colour, and which is collected in large lumps 

 and sold under the name of Gum Anime, or Gum Animi. This resin 

 resembles amber, is very hard, and sometimes contains leaves, insects, 

 or other objects imbedded in it, which remain in a perfect state of 

 preservation. It burns readily, emitting a very fragrant smell. Dis- 

 solved in rectified spirits of wine it makes one of the finest kinds of 

 varnish. According to Lindley this resin is called Jatahy, Jatchy, or 

 Copal, and, in Minas Gerae's, Jatoba. Courbaril is the name of the tree 

 in some parts of South America. In countries where this tree grows 

 the resin is used medicinally, and has also been employed in that way 

 in Europe. It acts as a stimulant when taken internally, and as an 

 irritant when applied externally. In fumigation it has been employed 

 for persons labouring under asthma and dyspnoea. Dissolved in spirits 

 of wine or oil it is used as an embrocation in rheumatism. Internally 

 it has been recommended as a substitute for guaiacum, in venereal 

 disease, and chronic rheumatism. The inner bark, either in the form 

 of tincture or decoction, is administered as a vermifuge. The curadores 

 have a method of mixing it with sugar and rum, so as to make a very 

 agreeable emulsion or syrup. The wild bees are fond of building 

 their nests in the trunk of this tree. The timber of the old trees is 

 very hard and tough, and is in great request for wheelwork, parti- 

 cularly for cogs. The wood is so heavy that a cubic foot is said to 

 weigh a hundred pounds : it takes a fine polish. 



Several other species of JTynientea are described, but of these com- 

 paratively little is known. The Copal of Madagascar, and probably of 

 the East Indies generally, is furnished by //. rerrucosa. The Locust- 

 Trees of the West have long been celebrated for their gigantic stature, 

 and other species are the Colossi of South American forests. Some of 

 them are, according to Martius, 84 feet in circumference at the bottom, 

 and 60 feet where the boles become cylindrical. 



(Don, Dictdamydeous Plants ; Lindley, Flora Medica.) 



HYMENO'CERA, Latreille's name for a genus of Macnirous 

 Crustaceans belonging to the tribe of Alpheans, in the family of the 

 Salicoques, or Shrimps, according to the system of M. Milne-Edwards, 

 who places it between A tya and A If hem. 



HYMENODICTYON. [CINCHONACE^.] 



HYMENOMYCETES, the first sub-order of the Fungi, a natual 

 order of Plants. [FtJNGl.] They are characterised by their repro- 

 ductive organs, called the hymenium, being naked. This sub-order 

 is divided by Fries into four tribes [Fuxoi] ; by Berkeley into six 

 tribes. Those of the latter are Pileati, Clavati, Mitrati, Cupulatt, 

 Tremellini, and Sclerotiacei. 



The tribe Pileati contains the following British genera : 



Agaricus, in which the hymenium consists of plates radiating from 

 a common centre, with shorter ones in the interstices, composed of a 

 double closely-connected membrane, more or less distinct from the 

 pileus : the veil is various or absent, [AGARICUS.] 



Cantha.'ellva has the pileus furnished below with dichotomous, 

 radiating, branched, subparallel folds, not separable from the flesh, 

 sometimes anastomosing or obsolete. 



Meruliiahas the hymenium veiny, or sinuoso-plicate ; the folds not 

 distinct from the flesh of the pileus, forming unequal angular or 

 flexuous pores. [MEKULIUS.] 



Schizophyllum has the gills radiating from the base, composed of a 

 folded membrane, which is ruptured along their edge ; the two portions 

 of the fold being revolute, bearing asci only on the outer surface. 



Dcedalea has the hymenium composed of anastomosing gills, or 

 lexuous elongated pores formed out of the corky substance of the pileus. 



Poly-poms has the hymenium concrete, with the substance of the 

 ijleua consisting of subrotund pores with their simple dissepiments. 



Bolelm has the hymenium distinct from the substance of the pileus, 

 consisting of cylindrical separable tubes, with oblong sporidia. 

 BOLETUS.] 



Fittulina has 'the hymenium formed of a distinct substance but 

 concrete with the fibres of the pileus ; the tubes at first wart-like, 

 somewhat remote, closed, radiate-firnbriate, at length approximated, 

 elongated, open. 



Uydnum has the hymenium of the same substance as the pileus, 

 composed of free spine-like processes. 



Sutolrema has the hymenium somewhat distinct from the pileus, 

 composed of irregularly-disposed curved and gyrose lamellate teeth. 



Irpex has the hymenium concrete with the substance of the pileua, 

 ,orn into distinct spines, disposed in rows or in a reticulate manner, 



