m 



1 1 V M EXOSOM A. 



IIYPEKICUM. 



in 



fArr; FoMnctOJL] The remaining J7*ter*pya are eoliUry.and there 

 are but two kind* of iodividoal. iTth* male* are winged and the female* 

 > an *ith*v Uiform or **teoeoua. Thisaectiou 



Sstmftut eWafly of the Unn*u genus J/MtOta. 



TU /WtirWoompm* thae* epedea, poiiming sting, of which all 

 Ik* iftdMdnal* are furniabed with wing. ; they do not fire in society, 

 and eoacnjimiUy tlirre are bat male* and female* ; the leg* are 

 formed for running, and in very many for borrowing, and henoe the 

 MOM hich ha* bwo applied to them. The tongue U alway* more 

 or UM widened at the extremity, and not alender and elongated. They 

 are divided into eifht families : -1. ScoHaJa [SooLU.DJt). 2. Sapyyida 

 S. PompiliJa [PojinuDJil. 4. S^udda [Si-BtciD*]. 



th 

 ning 

 bead, 



d from above, broader than long, the eye* extending to the 

 ii interior margin ; abdomen conical ; labruin dutinct. Of thi* family 

 three geoera are charaeterieed by Latreille : Bembex, Moneditla, 

 and Sum. . Lnrnda [LAKBIDJIJ. 1. Xyomida [Nissoxin*]. 8. 

 Crfbntuda [CiuumoxiDJ!). In the inecU of thin last family the 

 bead i* generally very large, nearly square when viewed from above ; 

 the in***"*^ are often thick near or at the apex, and the abdomen i 

 It contain* the following genera -.Trypoxylon, Goryla, Cral/ro, 

 CUM. JMtJtuhu, Ceratopkotnu, Paualaau, Pempkredon, 

 MiHimtu, Alfoon, Pttn, Arpactut, Mimaa, Cercerit, and 



. . 



5. BmUi.Um [BIMBM], containing thoee apeoie* in which 

 Brothorax it trannene and narrow, elongated laterally, and extend 

 to the haee of the anterior wing*; leg* moderate or abort; be 



hen viewe 



The Ihploplen contain* thoee specie* which have the superior 

 i folded longitudinally when at rest The antenna: are usually 

 I in this group, and thickened at the extremity. The eyeg 

 ated, and the prothorax U prolonged poeteriorly on each 

 aide to the origin of the wing*. The anterior wing* possess two or 

 three cloaed cubital cell*, of which the second receive* two recurrent 

 net-rares. The body i* smooth, or nearly so, and almost always 

 varied with black and yellow colour*. Many of the specie* live in 

 ociety, and have three kinds of individual*. 



LatreOle divide* thi* tribe into two families, the Ifotaridu and 

 the Fiwporio. The Wa*p and Hornet are familiar example* of the 

 cotton Kptopttra. [YianojL] 



The last tribe, the Antkopkila, or the Bee*, are distinguished by 

 the greatly elongated maxilhc and labium, which form the proboscis 

 used in collecting honey. They have the two posterior legs generally 

 formed for collecting and conveying pollen. The first joint of the 

 tarsi of tbeee leg* U very large and much compressed. The larvae 

 lire upon honey and pollen collected by the parent insect. The 

 perfect insect feed* upon honey. [Bui ; MELISSA.] 



HYMKXOSU'MA, Dr. Leach'* name for a genu* of Brachyurous 

 Crustacean*. [PI.VXOTHIRIAXS.] 



HYODOX, a genus of Fishes belonging to the family Clupeida. 

 The specie* reeemble the Herring. They are found in the fresh 

 water* at North America. 



HTOSCY'AMUS, a genu* of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 Htlmuttm, among which it i* distinguished by having an irregular 

 corolla *1H OB on* aide, a 5-tootbed permanent calyx, and a capsule 

 opeerfng by a tranrone lid 



H. mtyrr. Henbane, i* a biennial, hairy, clammy, branched, fetid 

 plant, from one to two feet high, growing in waste and uncultivated 

 pate**. It ha* oblong ctem-claiping coarsely-lacerated leave*, dull 

 yellow flower* traversed with livid purple vein*, and a Urge spiny 

 calyx. When in fruit, the whole of the upper part of the plant is 

 oonpied by the large spreading spiny calyxes arranged in 1 -aided 

 leafy *nUu*. It i* wild in England in calcareous soil*. The leave* 

 The leaves should be collected when the plant 



i* flowering. The lower leave* are large and have short petiole* ; 

 the opper arc smaller and sesaile : they are more or lea* deeply 

 SIMM**, pinial8il, or toothed, soft to the touch, hairy, slightly viscid, 

 of a gnyiahfrreen colour. Odour disagreeable, stupifying ; taste 

 omewhat acrid. Both odour and taste are 



uraeh ditainlahed by drying, which should be quickly performed, and 

 the lettve* preserverl in well-closed vessel., in a cool dry place ; 100 

 part* of fresh leave* dry into 14, and lOlbs. of fresh herb yield by 

 earefol nags sot B ounce* of inipiisated juice, or extract, which is 

 eitremely apt to *poil and lo*e all ita virtue. ; yet with proper atten- 

 *** * prepared u to keep for several yean with ita 

 I"""'" *plrd. An insect, Cimex Ifyucyamia (Linn.) i* apt to 

 ****** the Uev, and render them uwte**. The virtue* are dependent 

 on the MMBM of Jffotryamia, which however i* more easily obtained 

 from the aeeda. Th* M*di are am.ll, flattened, kidney^haped, with 



dote aod indentations on the surface ; of a yellowish-gny 

 When briibed they evolve an odour of henbane. Taste oily, 



By expression they yield a fat oil, and also furnuh a very 



1 extract. M well a* J/fOKgamia. Thi* alkaloid crysUllise* 



^ aeiealar cryrtaU, with a ailkv ' 

 Ujo 



th a silky lustre ; but it more gener- 



to a eokmrlees transparent soft viacid maa*. 



the eye, even in very minute quantity, it cause* great and enduring 

 dilatation of the pupil Gate to which it ha* been given have been 

 observed to gnash the teeth and foam at the mouth. 



y/yo*cya*Mu, when taken by a peraon in health, produce* disorder 

 of the nervou* system, inducing *ymptom* greatly reaembliug 

 hysteria, if the dote be moderate; but if large, it cause* all the 

 phenomena of narcotic poisoning, such as result from other aolana- 

 ceou* plants, particularly congestion of the veasel* of the brain with 

 coma. Administered in medicinal dose* to person* with disturbance 

 of the nervous system, it lessens the irritability, quiet* the circulation, 

 and when morbid wakefulnee* exist*, disposes to sleep. It poueate* 

 a superiority over opium in many instanced, a* it dors not constipate 

 the bowel*, but rather acts a* a mild laxative. Thi* circumstance 

 often renders it a valuable agent in allaying pain* and other distress- 

 ing symptoms incident to female* in particular states of their system. 

 Tincture or a well prepared extract is a good form of exhibition ; but 

 probably some of the salts of Jlyuscyamia will be found the most 

 eligible mode of administration, or a tincture of the seed* may be 

 used. 



In oase of accidental poiaouing, the stomach-pump should be used, 

 or an emetic of sulphate of zinc be given ; if the brain should appear 

 much oppressed, venesection may also be resorted to. 



In some parts of the Greek continent the stalk* of //. alltu are 

 used against the toothache. They are dried and employed instead of 

 tobacco for smoking. 



HYPANTHO'CRINUS, a genu* of fossil Crinoidea, from the 

 Silurian Strata. 



H YPEKICA'CE.E, Tutiaru, a natural order of Polypetelous Exogon- 

 ous Plants, with an imbricated calyx, polyadelphous stamens, and a 

 many-celled many -seeded ovary, with several styles, which are usually 

 quite distinct. The leaves are often marked with pellucid dots, and 

 there is in many species, in addition, a number of black dote which 

 occupy gome part, usually the margin, of both leaves and flower*. 

 In all cases the latter belong exclusively to the xauthic series of 

 colour. 



The species inhabit various parts of the world, both within and 

 without the tropics ; they are especially common in the southern 

 State* of the North American Union. They are found on mountains 

 and in valleys, marshes and dry places, meadows, and heaths. Many 

 are objects of ornament, but they are little cultivated because they 

 have frequently a disagreeable hirciue odour. They are generally 

 astringent, and in some cases, as in the genus Vitmia, yield a sub- 

 stance so much resembling gamboge as to have acquired in commerce 

 the name of American Gamboge. 



In the United States a stomachic is prepared from Elodta vii-ylnrit. 

 Crato.rylon Jiornicknckia is slightly astringent and diuretic. The 

 position of the order is between Cltuiaceas and Ri-aumuriacca. It u 

 also allied to Saxifragacea. There are 13 genera and 276 species. 



HYI'E'RICUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Ifyjtericacca. The calyx is 5-parted, or it has 5 sepals ; 5 petals ; 3 

 styles, and a 3-celled capsule. The flowers of the species are mostly 

 yellow. There are 13 British species of this genus, and 172 are 

 enumerated by Don a* growing in various parts of the world. St. 

 John'* Wort is the common name of all the species. 



//. maculatum has an erect quadrangular stem, elliptical ovate 

 obtuse leaves with a few pellucid dots, renexed ovate lanceolate sepal* 

 having pellucid streaks, obtuse petal* with purple streaks aud doU 

 beneath. It U the //. </iui<lninyuluni of Fries; aud is found in moist 

 places by ditches and riven. 



//. perfuratnm has an erect 2-edged stem, ovate or elliptical leaves 

 with numerous pellucid dots, anthers with black doU, the styles 

 as long as the capsule. It U found in large quantiti.-*- in Itritniu 

 and throughout Europe ; also in the north of Ania ami Africa. The 

 flowers are of a bright-yellow colour, dotted and streaked with purple ; 

 when rubbed they emit a powerful lemon-like scent, and stain the 

 fingers with dark purple. The whole of the plant contains a power- 

 ful volatile oil, which is aromatic and possibly astringent, though as 

 yet it has been but little used in medicine. Its sensible qti:iliti<H 

 however, and the few instance* in which it ha* proved beni-liri.il, 

 entitle ita virtue* to a further trial. Wlu-n K.iVU with alum this 

 plant yields a yellow dye, which is used for colouring wool. The 

 common people of Germany and France gather this species of St. 

 John'* Wort with great ceremony on St. Johu's day, and bang it in 

 the windows and about their houses as a charm against evil spirits, 

 storm*, thunder, and all other calamities, mistaking the meaning of 

 some medical writer* who fancifully called the plant Puga Dan, 

 from a notion that it was a remedy in maniacal disorders. At one 

 time the people of Scotland used to carry it about their persons as a 

 protection against witchcraft and enchantment, aud they fancy it 

 prevents ropy milk by milking upon the fresh herb. Cows and gouts 

 will eat the plant, but horses and sheep refuse it It is tin; "AaKupav 

 of Dioecorides (iii. 16!i). It is found at the present day on the high 

 hills of Attica. 



H. la.riuKul*m has a smooth herbaceous stem, rather distant obtuse 

 leave* full of pellucid dots ; the lower leaves narrow and lanceolate, 

 segments of the calyx equal, nearly linear and acute. It is a native of 

 Brazil, in the provinces of St. Paul and Minas Qerae's, where a decoction 

 of the leaves is used a* a remedy against the bites of serpents. 



