I! BUlt 



ILLUPIB-TREE. 



I 



ram* eesMbtuw of six distinct element*, the Saurian type of organ!- 

 saUoei to oBMuivooally manifest ; while the intimate structure of the 

 dental organ* approach** that of UM Sloths, and the tub-alternate 

 t and revereed position of the upper and lower series of teeth 

 with that of the Ruminant* ; and again, the edentulous 

 irmphvais. and the sjest development of the lower 



* * . i i __ i _l__ . : 



countries bordering on the Mediterranean. The order embraces 24 

 ;enera and about 100 species. A few occur at the Cape of Good 

 Jope, and several are found in America. The British representatives 

 ,n CorriyMa, //rmi'aria, nnd lUteebnu*. [CoRiuoioLA ; 



the nUe and 



lip and UM integuments of UM jaws, a* indicated by the nUe 

 BiuBbrr of U> TMeolar foramina, present a itriking analogy to the 



They who doubt UM correctness of thU interpretation 

 should remember Uwt it is in this order of Mammalia that we find 

 IB* nearat approach to UM Rrpttlia; in the scaly covering of the skin, 

 UM unperfscUou* of UM dental system, the smallness of the brain, 

 and UM long oootinaano* of UM muscular fibre after death, which 

 an so many decadence* of organisation, ao to speak, that indicate > 

 rtm toward* Uut claw of which UM Jguaodo appear* to hare been 



W* KierK^Mi tm*M_ 



* If UM opinion previously adranced be correct that the anterior 

 part of UM cpinal column consisted of convexo-concave, and the 

 dorsal of planoconcave vertebra, the adult Igwmodon must hare 

 approached in this part of iU skeleton, as well ns in iu sacrum, in 

 iu mesij-T femora, with their large medullary cavities, trochanters, 

 and eoodylas, and in ita abort and strong mctatarsaU and phalangcalis 

 to that of the large herbivorous Mammalia. The position of the 

 hinder limb. (th thigh* and leg.) in relation to the pelvis, cannot 

 IK accurately determined from the data at present obtained ; but tin- 

 form of the bead and abaft of the femur, and the character of iU 

 ao cloiely resemble those of the largest 



Pachyderms, a* to suggest the idea that (unlike the rest of its clsas) 

 the Ipamtdt* had the body supported a* iu the Mammalia, and the 

 gfc-yfuyjj. iiMr-md+d higher from the ground than in any existing 

 Saurian*. In fine, we have in the Iy*a*o>lun the type of the terrestrial 

 ArtwOT, which in that remote epoch of the earth'* physical history, 

 termed by geologists ' the Age of Reptiles' occupied the same relative 

 station in the scale of being, and fulfilled the same general purposes 

 in the economy of nature a* the Mastodons, Mammoths, and Mylodons 

 of the Tertiary period, and the existing Pachyderms." 



(Owen, ftforf an Krituk Fouil Rtptdt* ; Mantell, Pet refaction! and 

 (Anr TWAiisps ; Buckland, Britlgncattr Tnalite.) 

 ll.KI'M. [IXTOTtlfia.] 



I I.KX is a name given to two very different plant*. As that of a 

 sm odes, it indicates the Evergreen Oak of the South of Europe, or 

 Quemu ller ; as that of a genus, it belongs to the Common Holly, 

 fie* A'i*i/olium, the type of the natural order Aijuifoliacea, This 

 bitter plant, which constitute* so beautiful a feature in the winter 

 aueusry of many parts of England, and whoee scarlet or yellow berries 

 render it so universal a decoration of churches (hence the name Holly- 

 Tree, or Holy -Tree) and dwelling-house* at Christmas time, is in Qreat 

 Britain upon the most northern limit* within which it ranges in a 

 wild state. It is however at those limit* that it attains its greatest 

 sue and beauty ; but it occasionally suffers from severe winters. It 

 U common in the middle of Europe, and the southern side of the 

 range of the Caucasus, where it la only a bush, and it probably extends 

 far to the eastward. It i* chiefly valued as a shelter in winter, and an 

 iiineiiielsl tree, but ita fine-grained heavy compact timber is used 

 for a great number of useful purposes, especially by the turner and 

 mathematical instrument maker; the black handles of metal teapot* 

 are carved out of it* wood. It U also employed medicinally ; the 

 leaves and bark posses* febrifugal powers of a strongly-marked 

 character : the root and the bark are said to be diuretic and expecto- 

 rant, but the berries have the discredit of being poisonous, producing 

 purgative and violent emetic effect*. 



Besides the Common Holly and it* numerous varieties, the genus 

 lUr comprehends a large number of spades, the most remarkable of 

 which are the /. Balearic*, or broad-leaved species of Minorca, a 

 *om* kind, which i* hardy in the middle and south of 

 UM /. romilaria, or Caasena-Tree of the North Americans, 

 strongly-marked emetic qualities; and the /. 

 tU Plant, of whose leaves a very largo con 

 cuisBrliin take* place In South America, under the name of Tea of 

 Paraguay. [TEA, PABAOCAT.] The leave* are dried, and afterwards 

 osed like the tea of the Chinee*. (Loudon, Arboretum Jlriiannicum.) 



I LLA X ITS. Dalman's name for a group of the great genus A j;.Au/, 

 as originally constituted by Brongniart in his work on the Trilobita 

 The caudal plate i* on* Urge convex part, nearly corresponding to 

 the anterior shield. From the Transition Strata of Christian!*, 

 Ostraothk. Ac. fTaiu>rn.] 



ILf.KCKUIt A 'i i: K. K*ni*orti, a small natural order of Exogenous 

 Plant*, chiefly consisting of herbsoeons weeds, found in the temperate 

 part* of the world : they differ from Amaratacc<t in nothing except 



part* 



Urine; 



stipules sad a tendency to produce petals; from AUinacta in 

 1HU* mor> then having stipules ; and from Portolacta in their sepals 

 not being in pairs. This order U one of those which break down the 

 limit* between PolypeUloti* and Apetalous plant*, and prove ho 

 entirely artificial are such divisions, The species an often con 



piewfliie, especially when dried, for their silvery stipules and shining 

 calyx**, and are sometime* beautiful microscopic objects ; but they 

 are too small to be interesting in any other way, and are of no known 



is, They 



in rations parts of the world, especially in the 



Itlettlnm Ttrticillatum. 



1, s p*lr of learn, with the intervening stipules; 2, s flower, seen from 

 above ; 3, a flower cut open. 



ILLECEDRUM, a genus of Plants the type of the natural order 

 lUectbracta. It ha* 5 sepals slightly cohering at the base and horned 

 at the back. Petals absent or 5, subulate, inserted with thii 5 stamens 

 on a perigynous ring ; a 1 -celled 1 -seeded furrowed capsule bursting 

 along the furrows. The only species is a small trailing shrub witli 

 opposite leaves having scarioua stipules at the base. 



/. rertidllatum, Whorled Rush-Grass. It has a trailing glabrous 

 stem, roundish leaves, verticillate whorled white minute flowers. It 

 is found in bogs and wet marshy places, chiefly in Cornwall :m.l 

 Devonshire. The seeds of this shrub should be planted in a moist 

 situation, and, if allowed to sow themselves, will spring up regu- 

 larly every season. It is worth cultivation on account' of the delicacy 

 and beauty of its blossoms. 



(Babiugtou, Manual of Briluk Botany; Don, DicUamyJeoui 

 Platt.) 



ILLIOKJL [WixTEiucM.] 



ILLl'CIUM (illicio, I allure), a genus of Plants, so named in con- 

 sequence of their very agreeable aromatic fragrance ; they belong to 

 the Winter's Bark tribe. These are now generally described as a 

 separate family under the name of Wintcracccr, and are distinguished 

 by their dotted leaves and aromatic properties from .Vaynoliofar, of 

 which they ore sometimes made a section. The genus JUicium is 

 characterised by having from 3 to 9 petaloid sepals; 27 petals 

 arranged in several rows below the numerous stamens and pistil*. 

 The capsules ore disposed in a circular manner, and open upwur<U ; 

 each contains a single shining seed. The species are few in ntimlicr, 

 but widely distributed. Two are indigenous in Florida; and the 

 others in China and the neighbouring islands. /. Ftorulanum is a 

 red-flowered species, of which the leaves are very fragrant, and the 

 capsules smell of ni-c, though more faintly than the Chinese species. 

 The bark has been proposed as a substitute for cinnamon and 

 sassafras barks. /. pai-rijlomm, also, a native of North America, has 

 similar properties, especially in its leaves. 



The most important species however U /. aniiatum, or the Aniseed- 

 Tree of China, of which the fruit is exported from Canton, nnd wull 

 known in commerce by the name of Star Anise. In Iiulia they are 

 called Badion KbaUi, or Chinese Anise. Hence the name Bodinne, by 

 which they ore chiefly known on the continent of Europe, whom 

 they are more employed than in this country ; being esteemed, as in 

 the Host, for their aromatic and carminative properties. The mn.ll 

 and taste of both the capsule and seed being like that of aniseed, a 

 volatile oil is distilled from them, which may be employed for all the 

 purposes of the oil of aniseed : it is said to give the flavour to 

 Anisette de Bordeaux and to Anisette de Hollande. The Chinese 

 use it in substance both a* a condiment and a stimulant medicine, 

 and burn it as incense in their temples. The tree flourishes in China 

 and some of the Philippine Islands, and is found also in Japan, 

 whence Siebold has described a new specie*. M. Perrotet also 

 mentions that there is an undescribed species at Manilla, which is 

 there called San-kl ; that its leaves are mixed with their tea and 

 coffee in the Philippines, and that a liqueur is likewise prepared from 

 its fruit 



ILLUPIE-TRKE. [BASSIA.] 



