INDIAN CORN. 



KROBRANCHIATA. 



, _, j to the air. they obtain, by broking the mould 



ad (tttaf it out in fragment* through an opening properly arranged, 

 hoUuw fr-V figures of animals, rough slippers, *c. The; thus make 

 Omrtnhnmi *tn* for the manufacture of object* fur which we 

 em selves employ animal membrane* and leather. 



ladia-Robber i. obtained from both the Old and New World. The 

 p* Indie* xipplied the original specimens eeen in Europe, and have 

 erer since been a wmroa of (upply to the British market*. It come* 

 principally from Jan. and is often glutinous, and is lee* esteemed in 

 eomnwree than that furnished by the equatorial regions of America, 

 Creat quantities! of Caoutchouc are imported into Europe from Mexico, 

 from Sooth America, and especially from the province of Para in 

 Brazil That which come* in the shape of bottles is generally pre- 

 ferred ; and when it i* pure, and the different coats which comprise it 

 are well united, it may be employed immediately for many purpose*. 

 Bat i* often happen* that the coat* which form the pear-shaped masses 

 are badly united. It then become* necessary, in order to make use 

 of them, to work it op by a process of kneading, so as to obtain it in 

 a coherent or homogeneous mas*. Thi* operation become* especially 

 iadispawable when, a* most commonly happen*, the Caoutchouc is in 

 large impure msaro, and mixed with land and the d<5bris of vegetable 

 Mtler The** impuritie* do not entirely proceed from the moulds 

 made in the earth into which the juice ha* been allowed to exude, 

 and in which it ha* been left to thicken and solidify ; but their 

 quantity and their presence between the coat* of the pyriform nuimn* 

 now that the impurity i* mainly to be attributed to fraud. The 

 Caoutchouc thus obtained U not applicable to any uae until it has 

 uxUigum a previous purification. 



The purification of the Caoutchouc U accomplished by submitting 

 the impure Caoutchouc to the action of cylinder* furnished with teeth 

 turning in opposite direction* and with unequal velocities, which 

 oauae it to undergo a kind of mastication. By this treatment the 

 Caoutchouc become* softened without being liquified, and a homo- 

 fnm* r"~ i* formed which i* cut in the form of rectangular blocks, 

 which being again cut, constitute those small pamllelopipedous used 

 by draurhUmen to rub out the marks of black-lead pencils. This 

 use was in Kn*^fnH for a long time the only one to which this *ub- 

 tanee wa* applied, but this limited use was far from indicating the 

 extent to. which Caoutchouc ha* been employed in the last thirty 

 ) can, or the multiplicity of service* it ha* been called upon to perform 

 fur eauiury and industrial purpo**. To rub out pencil-marks, to 

 form the rude slippers which seemed well adapted to the Indian 

 toilet, but to which a form acceptable in Europe had not been im- 

 parted, were in fact the only uae* to which Caoutchouc was applied 

 up to 1880. [CAOUTCHOUC, MAM FACTI-HI or, in ARTS AKD So. Kiv.j 

 The relation* of Caoutchouc to the function* of the plant* in which 

 it i* bond are not understood. Many fallacious views have been 

 oflcred OB this subject Schulze of Berlin, who ha* written most 

 Ktawriveiy on this subject, regarded it as a principle in the juices 

 of phnti analogous to the fibrine of the blood, but his views with 

 ml to the milky juice of plant* and the laticiferous tissue are 

 r federally allowed to be erroneous. It i* not improbable that 

 utahotM U formed a* the result of the deoxidation of cellulose, 

 or MOM other ternary constituent. The chemical composition of 

 Qspsrtchooc i* Hydrogen and Carbon. In what proportion they exist 

 I* not known. When distilled, Caoutchouc yield* oil* which have a 

 composition *imilar to oil of turpenUn--C,. H., or C,,. II.. 



(itfortt */ (*< OraU Kxkitiim of 1851, Class XXVIII., by Dr. 



; lustre shining; translucent; specifio gravity 

 * by the blow-pip*, and gelatinise, in acid*. H 

 ith Ganut, Pdipar, Fitrolile, and UvrnlUndt. 

 ' 



[CocfUDJL] 

 (Tot-BMALWl.] 



Principla iff Scientific liotany ; Gregory, 

 : Cktmutry.) 

 if. [Zv 1 



INDIAN CKK8SK.S. [Ti 

 INDIAN OX. (Bovn.x] 



INDIAN SHOT. [MAEAI , 



IM'IANITK. This Mineral occurs iu granular masses. It has a 

 6-0 to 6-6. It scratch** glaa*. The colour is white or 



l!-74. It i 



o^dwiO,- 



II-ATOR. 

 IVDICOUTB. 



INI.|..<>. [Ix 



INDKiOTKRA, agenus'of PlanU balonging to the natural family 

 L /folia, indifeaou* in the equinoctial part* of Axia, Africa, 

 wl America, and celebrated for some of the specie* yielding ludigo. 

 The pede* are about 160 in number ; all are small herbaceous or 

 shrubby plant*. The leave* are usually pinnate ; the flowers small 

 ad papilionaosoua. in axillary clusters of a purple, blue, or white 

 The calyx is 6-cleft; MgmenU acute; vexillum rounilish, 

 ita; keel furnisbwl with a subulate spur on both sides, 

 diadelphou* (0 and IV. Legume continuous, one or more 

 r truncated. 



usually 



se|rated by cellular spurious parti- 



i into Africa and America. It is suffruticose, 

 net, branched ; leave* pinnate: leaflet* 6 or 6 pairs, long-obovate, 

 soared/ pubescent; raceme* of flower* axillary, ihortor than the 



leave*. _ Legume* approximated toward* the ban of the rachis, nearly 

 cylindrical, slightly torulose, deflexed, and more or less curved 

 upwards; sutures thickened; teed* about 10, cylindrical, truncated 

 nt both end*. This species is somotime* called Indigo Franc and 

 French Indigo in the West Indies. It is laid to be found wild along 

 the sands of Senegal (' Flora de Senegambie,' voL L p. 178.) 



I. Anil. From the name it might be inferred that this wa* an 

 Asiatic plant; but it is said by De Candolle to grow wild in America, 

 and to be cultivated in both Indie*, a* al*o (long the Gambia in 

 Africa. The name Anil, which has passed into the Spanish, ha* 

 evidently the same origin as the Arabic Neel, or Nil. The Spaniard* 

 and Portuguese, who had found the way to India by two opposite 

 courses, must there have become acquainted with Indigo, and adopted 

 its Indian name : they were the first to manufacture it in America 

 the Portuguese in Brazil, and the Spaniards in Mexico. This specie* 

 is characterised by an erect suffrutiooee stem ; leaves pinnate in 3 to 

 S pain ; leaflet* oval-oblong, scarcely pubescent on the under surface ; 

 racemes axillary, shorter than the leave* ; legumes compressed, not 

 torulose, deflexed, curved, with both sutures thickened and prominent, 

 10- to 12 seeded. Messrs. Wight and Arnot state, " We have not 

 sufficient materials to enable us to determine it I. Anil be a distinct 

 species. We know of no distinguishing character, unless it is to be 

 found in the fruit, and the descriptions given of that part in the two 

 specie* differ in different authors." But the authors of the ' Flora 

 de Seuegambie' consider them distinct, as do most botanists. 



/. ctxndto. (Roxb.). This is a new species described by Dr. Rox- 

 burgh, and called Karneeli iu Telinga by the natives of the peninsula 

 of India. Ut state* that from the leaves of this plant he had often 

 extracted a most beautiful light ludigo, more so than he ever could 

 from the Commor Indigo Plant, or even from Nerium tinctorium, and 

 in a large proportion. lie says it is an erect shrubby species, growing 

 in dry barren uncultivated ground, to the height of 3 feet, and higher 

 in good garden soil. It flowers during the wot and cold season*. The 

 leaves are pinnate ; leaflet* 4-paired, obovate, emarginate ; racemes 

 rather shorter than the leave* ; legume* reflexed, curved, contracted 

 between the seeds, hairy ; from 3- to 4-seeded. De Candolle inquires 

 whether this be sufficiently distinct from /. tinctoria. Dr. Roxburgh 

 state* that it comes near to /. aryentea, Linn. The process he 

 adopted for extracting Indigo from this plant was similar to that 

 practised with the leaves of AVriitm tinctorium, or the scalding process. 



/. argentea U a species usually stated to be a native of India, and 

 the authority of Dr. Roxburgh might be cited for the fact; but 

 Messrs. Wight and Arnott state that /. argentea of Linuicu* is not 

 found in India. It is the species cultivated in Egypt and Barbary for 

 the sake of iU Indigo, and, according to Huuiboldt, also in America. 

 The Indian species which has been confounded with it is /. paucifotia 

 of Dulille, which has alternate leaflets, and linear, slightly compressed, 

 toruloee legumes. 7. argentea U shrubby, with round branches, which 

 appear of a silky whiteness from appreased pubescence ; leaves pinnate, 

 1- to U-paired ; leaflet* opposite, obovate, silky-pubescent ; racemes 

 shorter than the leaf ; legumes pendulous, much compressed, toruloee, 

 canesoent ; 2- to 4-aeeded. 



/. ilujjema. Thi*, according to Humboldt, is also one of the 

 specie* cultivated in America, and seen among the most ancient 

 hieroglyphioal paintings of the Mexicans. Dr. Bancroft considers it 

 as the specie* called Guatemala Indigo, which yields fine pulp, but U 

 lea* productive than other specie*. The stem i* herbaceous, weak ; 

 the branches round ; leaves pinnate, i- to 6-paired ; leaflet* elliptico- 

 olbong, smooth; racemes slender, larger than the leaf; legume* 

 round, subtoruloee, mucrouate ; 2-soeded. 



Plants of other genera are also employed for obtaining Indigo as 

 Wrigklia (\erinm, Roxb.) tinctoria, Marttlenia tinctoria, Galcya tinc- 

 toria, but especially the first two. Dr. Bancroft (voL L p. 190) also 

 adduce* Spilantka tinctoria, Scabiota tuccita, Chcira.nl kue fentttraJ.it ; 

 also a specie* of Biynunia and a Tabcrn<tmontana, on the African coast, 

 with Amorpka fntticota and Sophora tinctoria, as all yielding a blue 

 dye, or coarse sorts of indigo. [INDIGO, iu ABTS AND Sc. Div.l 



"iNlir. [I.EMURID.S.J 



INFEROBRANCllIA'TA, the third order of Oasteropodous Mol- 

 lutca, in the system of Cuvier, who describes them as having nearly 

 the form and organisation of fhrii and Tritonia, but remarks that 

 their brauchuc, instead of being placed on the back, are arranged in 

 the form of two long suites of leaflets on the two side* of the body 

 uii'l.T the advanced border of the mantle, lie records two genera, 

 J'/iyUidia and ]>i)>hyllidia, 



rkyllidia Mantle naked, and most frequently coriaceous; no 

 shell Mouth a small proboscis, with a tentacle on each side ; two other 

 tentacles come forth above two small cavities of the mantle. Organs of 

 generation under the right side forward. Heart towards the middle of 

 the back. Stomach simple, membranous ; intestine short. (Cuvier.) 



M. De Blainville describe* the body of the genus 1'hyllidia as oblong 

 and rather convex ; the bend and the foot hidden by the border of 

 the mantle ; four tentacles, the two upper ouen retractile in a cavity 

 which is at their base, the two lower buccul ; mouth without an 

 upper tooth ; a lingual denticulated mass ; branchial lamina; all round 

 the lower border of the mantle, except in front; vent at the posterior 

 and mesial part of the back ; orifices of the organs of generation in a 

 common tubercle at the anterior fourth of the right Bide. 



