. 



U ... v. 



i.TA. 



The Oeoiput U UM hinder portion of the head, or that adjoining 



Oeaai (the eheebV " Those part* which lie on the outer aide of 

 UM anterior half of the eye*, and intervene also between them and 



Kirbr) 



, a name applied by Kirby to a process of the head which 

 i upon the eye*. 



Tl- .ye m\*^ii>*ot.U encroached upon by a narrow process 

 of the bead in soon a manner as to render it kidney-shaped, Instead 

 of it* ordinary round form, and in some instance* this organ is 

 divided by UM cantbu* into two part*. 



Uuia, the hiadenno*t portion of the head beneath. 



Kf.l. 



! .-. ., 



/V- 5, Head of Hornet, nufnlled ; a, the e\j pciu ; , the vertex ; <, r, the 

 ry (oeau); < the eyelets (temm*U); ., the antenna; /. /, nundlbula. 

 JV- *, t** aaaw, Ttewwl beat bowilh ; /, the occiput ; A, the gala. 



Oculi (UM eyt). Theee are almost invariably two in number, 

 * one on each aide of the head, and composed of hexagonal 



i (UM eyelets), minute simple eye*. They may be seen in 



UM orders Hfmatapttn, Orttoplen, and Hemiplm, and are generally 

 placed vertically on the head. The larva: of Coleopterous Insects 

 generally imams them, and they art usually placed on each side of 

 UM head clow to the antennas. 



i.rf_n jointed organs, two in number, most commonly springing 

 from the upper surface, or side of the head near the eyes. These 

 organs vary much in every way, not only in the various species of 

 lasents. but in the sexes of the same species they often differ. 



Then is much difference of opinion a* regard* the use of these 

 organs. Some have come to UM oondnaioo, from anatomical researches, 

 that they are organs of hearing, whilst others maintain they are 

 organs of touch or smell. When however we see so much difference 

 in UM structure of UM antennas in insects, and perceive that some 

 UM them in touching surrounding object*, as is the case in many of 

 UM J/fmenoftent (particularly the Jduuvmonida, and Bees and 

 AnU), whilst others carefully avoid so doing, we are naturally led to 

 i tUt they arc used for different purpose*. It is certain 

 i of smell, but in those insect* which 



tinsjin it apparently in the highest degree we can trace no similarity 

 in the structure of the antenna. A Silpka, a StapkyluHO, and a 

 ffngnimai fly, appear to bn equally attracted by the scent of a piece of 

 putrid flesh, and yet their antenna) bear no resemblance. The same 

 remark will apply to the antennas of those insect* which emit sound ; 

 UM Grasshopper, UM Spkiax Atropot, many of the Ctrambycida, and 

 aauaarou* other insects might be enumerated which emit voluntary 

 sound, but their antenna) do not differ from those of the species to 

 which they are moat closely allied, and which emit no sound that we 

 aa perceive. As regard* touch, there can be no doubt that the 

 antennas of many insect* are used as organs of touch, and it appears 

 highly probable that, through the means of the antenna;, some insects 

 ana perceive the state of UM atmosphere. The delicately plumed 

 antenna of UM gnat, and of the nocturnal Lepidopterou* Insect*, 

 ecm to b* well fitted for receiving impressions of this nature. The 

 argument* in favour of their being organs of hearing are also at least 

 worthy of attention. [AXTBMJL] 



An Antenna may be divided into the following part* : 



Torulu*, the cavity or socket in which the b**e of the antenna is 



the most conspicuous joint ol 



Pedioeiiui, UM second joint of the antenna. 



Clavola, the *"" * t n**'g joint* tnktti together. 



la describing UM species of the CWo.Som.fcr, the term Funlculus is 

 often used to T TrttniHi that portion of the antenna between the long 

 basal joint, or Kcapua, and the Club (called Oapitulum or CUva), which 

 in these insects usually terminates the antenna. 



The principal modifications in the form of antenna are figured and 

 jUsniliiil in the article Coi.iorTIBA. 



Tb* Troptu, or part* of tb* mouth (called by Fabriciua Instrumenta 

 Cibaria), consist of six principal portion* :- The Labrum, Labium, 



The Labnin, or upper-lip, I* a corneous plate, which terminate* the 

 bead anteriorly, and covers the mouth above; it* posterior margin i* 

 united by a membranous hinge to the clypeua. 



Tb* most common form of UM labrum is represented iafy.8; it 



Soapus, the first and in many 

 C**M *urt>yoDeV 



r-.p. 5. 



Fig. 7. 



Fig, 4, parts of the mouth of a Water-beetle (Dytitcu* tnaryinulit) ; n, 

 labrum ; *, /, and g, Ublum b, palpiger ; /, mentum ; g, atipcs ; A, A, man- 

 dibula ; i, i, maxilla; j, j, maxillary palpi; It, jugulum. f'igt. & anil 6, the 

 palpiirer, highly magnifled ( J, front Tiew ; 6, tide view) ; c, lingua ; d, d, para- 

 glosM) ; t, palpi-UbUles. Fif. 1, parti of the Mouth of Ampkimalla lolttttialit. 

 Corresponding letten refer to the aame parts as injigi. 4, S, and 6. 



U however very variable in shape, and in the Lameilicorna a tribe of 

 Beetle* which feed upon vegetable substances, instead of being of the 

 ordinary horny texture, it is soft and membranous, and hidden 

 beneath the clypeus (fig. 9, a). In some of the Cicinddida (predaceous 

 insects) it is more or lese elongated and notched at the sides and apex 

 (Jig. 10). In the genus Cicindcla a small projecting tubercle may 

 be observed on the anterior margin of the labrum. In the Hornet 

 ( Vcipa Crabro) the labrum is produced in front into an elongated 

 pointed process (Jig. 11). In the Lejivlojtlera it is extremely minute, 

 and the JJmipttra possess a long, slender, and pointed labrum. 



Fig i. S, , 10, 11, and 12, labrum, or uppcr-llp, of rariuiu Insects. 



The Labium, or under-lip, U opposed to the labrum, and generally 

 serves to close the mouth beneath. 



The labium is a very complicated organ, consisting of several part* 

 which are variously developed in the different tribes of insect*, &o. 

 There is much confusion iu the nomenclature of these part*, especially 

 as regards the portion which is to be considered the true labium ; fr 

 although the whole apparatus is often called the KiMum, y> t when 

 treated of in detail most authors agree in applying this term to some 

 particular portion, but differ as to which particular portion the 

 term shall be applied, and consequently the neighbouring parts are 

 differently named. The confusion has arisen from the circumstance 

 of entomologists having applied the name labium to the whole appa- 

 ratus, and likewise to a particular part of it. We shall therefore use 



