265 



INSECTIVORA. 



INTESTINES. 



266 



It is in the Lower Lias beds that the insects are most abundant. 

 They occur in this part (between the ordinary Has limestones and the 

 bone bed) so extensively as to justify the application to this genus of 

 the term ' insect limestone ' used by Mr. Brodie. As a whole the 

 Lias insects appear to contain larger proportions of aquatic tribes 

 than the Wealden. There is no decided evidence amongst them of 

 the prevalence of a warm climate at the time and in the place of their 

 existence. They are usually of small size, not so entire as to forbid 

 the supposition of having been drifted (the Neuroptera may have 

 been less drifted than the Coleoptera) and if there were islands or 

 high coasts adjacent these might nourish, and in time of floods send 

 down the small coleopterous insects to be imbedded with the fucoids, 

 oysters, and Modiolie of the coasts, and ferns and other plants of the 

 land and streams. 



6. In the ironstone nodules lying in the Carboniferous deposits of 

 Coalbrook Dale Mr. Prestwick has discovered Coleoptera, Curculioides 

 Ansticii (Buckl.), C. Prestmcii (Buckl.) ; and Sir R. Murchison (' Sil. 

 Syst.' p. 105) mentions an insect to which the name of Corydalit 

 Brongniarti is assigned. It is very possible that the laminated lime- 

 stone deposits of Burdie House, near Edinburgh, and Ashford, in 

 Derbyshire, may yield insect remains older than any yet mentioned ; 

 and seeing the frequent connection or proximity of fossil insects to 

 fossil fis'ies it may be worth while to search the lower beds of the 

 mountain limestone, where the rich fish-beds occur in it, on the Avon, 

 in Caldy Island, and in Fermanagh. The fish-beds of the magnesian 

 limestone (marl slate) may also be indicated for further research. A 

 very interesting addition to the fossil insects of Aix has been made 

 known by M. Coquand. It is a butterfly, and has been carefully 

 examined by M. Boisduval, who has been able to recognise perfectly 

 its generic and specific characters. It belongs to one of those genera 

 the species of which are not numerous, and are at present confined to 

 the islands of the Indian Archipelago, or the warmest countries of 

 the Asiatic continent. It belongs to the genus Cyllo it is an extinct 

 species and is named C. sepulta. M. Boisduval has examined the 

 other fossil insects of Aix, and differing both from Curtis and Marcel 

 de Serres, refers them to the extra-European genera, and to extinct 

 species. 



(Kirby and Spence, Introduction to Entomology ; Westwood, Intro- 

 duction to the Modern Classification of Insects ; Burmeister, Manual 

 of Entomology ; Jmect Architecture, Transformations, and Micellanie, 

 in Library of Entertaining Knowledge ; Newman, Grammar of Ento- 

 mology ; Westwood, Entomologist's Textbook; Episodes of Insect Life; 

 Curtis, Illustration! and Descriptions of the Genera of British hifecti ; 

 Stephens, Illustrations of British Entomology ; Carpenter, Principles 

 of Physiology; Newport, Papers on the Structure of Insects, in 

 Philosophical Transactions, and Transactions of Linncean Society; 

 Newport, article ' Insecta,' Cyclopedia of Anatomy; Catalogues of 

 Intects in British Museum ; Insecta Britannica.) 



IXSKCTIVORA. [CABNIVORA.] 



INSECTS. [INSECTA.] 



INSECTS, FOSSIL. [INSECTA.] 



INSESSO'RES, the name given by Mr. Vigors to the Perchers, 

 the second order of Birds in his system, and, as the families of which 

 it is composed are very numerous, he classes them in comprehensive 

 sections or tribes, which he thus denominates : Pissirostres (Cuvier), 

 Dentirostres (Cuv.), Conirostres (Cuv.), Scansores (Auct.), Tenuirottres. 

 (Guv.). 



The FISSIROSTRF.S, according to Mr. Vigors, include the Meropidce, 

 the //irundinidie, the Caprimulgidce,ihe Todidce, and the Ualcyonida;. 



The DENTIROSTRES include the Mtucicapidce, the Laniadcc, the 

 Merulidce, the Syh-iadce, and the Pipridce. 



The CONIROSTRES comprise the Frinyillidce, the Sturnida, the Cor- 

 , the Buceridcf, the Lomadic. 



The SCANSORES consist of the Ramphastidce, the Psittacida, the 

 Picidce, the Certhiadw, and the Cuculidie. 



The TENCIHOSTRES are composed of the fftctariniadce (?), Cinny- 

 ridte, Trochilidie, Promeropidce (?), and Meliphagidce (?). 



Mr. Vigors finds the following parallel analogies by which the tribes 

 of the Inseisorei represent the different orders of the class. 



Dentirostres Raptores. 



Conirostres Iniessorei. 



Scansores Ratores. 



Tenuirostru Grallatores. 



Fissirostres Natatorei. 



Of these the Conirostres are considered by Mr. Vigors the typical 

 group. (' Linn. Trans.,' xiv.) 



Mr. M'Leay conceives it to be demonstrated that, so far as relates 

 to the analogies existing in nature between the orders of Mam- 

 malia, and Ares, the Primates ought to be placed as analogous 

 to the Insessores. Both are omnivorous. (' On the Comparative 

 Anatomy of Certain Birds of Cuba," by \V. S. M'Le.iy, in 'Linn. 

 Tran.,' xvi.) 



Mr. Swainson, in accordance with his opinion that the primary 



divisions of every circular group are five apparently, but three 

 actually, gives the following table as illustrating the 



Circle of the order Insessores, or Perchera : 

 , (" Bill more or less conic, strong, slightly"! 



J or not at all notched ; mouth without I n . 



1 bristles; feet robust, formed both for f 00 "' " m> 



L perching and walking. Omnivorous. J 



2 f" Bill shorter and more compressed, ~| 



a vi ' i J with a distinct tooth-like notch ; mouth ,, 

 Subtymcal geuerally defeuded by bristles . ' Inseeti . f Dcnhroilrcs. 



l_vorous. J 



Bill entire ; feet very short, not 

 adapted for walking; position of the 

 toes various. 



1. Feet 

 climbing. 



Circle. 



3. 



Aberrant 

 Circle. 



i Ci:rtipedes. 



3. Bill broad at the] 

 base. Feed upon the '[Fissirostres. 

 .wing. J 



The table of analogies set out by the same author is the same in 

 substance with that of Mr. Vigors, differing only in the order in 

 which the tribes and orders are placed. Mr. Swaiuson, who excludes 

 Man from the Zoological circle, considers the Insessores to be analogous 

 to the Quadrumana. 



The Dentirostres, according to the last-named author, include the 

 families Laniada: [LANIAD.E], Merulidce [MERULID.E], Sylmadce [SYL- 

 VIADJE], Ampulidte and Muscicapidce [MUSCIOAPID*], with their sub- 

 families. 



His families of the Conirostres are Corvidie [CORVIDJE], Stumidre 

 [STURNID.E], Frinyillidce [FRINQILLID^E], Musophagidce[JS.u$opB.A.GiD3], 

 and Bitceridce [HOHNBILLS], with their sub-families. 



Under the Scansores he comprises the Rltamphastidce [RHAMPHAS- 

 TID.E], the Psittacidte [PSITTACID*], the Picidie [PiciDvE], the Cer- 

 thiadce [CERTHIAD^;], and the CucuKdce [CUCULIWE], with their 

 sub-families. 



The Tenuirostres are made to contain the Meliphagidce [MELIPHA- 

 GID.E], the Cinnyrid<e [CINNYRID.*:], the Trochilidce [TROCHILID.S], 

 the Promeropidce [PROMEROPIDCE], and the Paradisiadce [BIRDS OF 

 PARADISE], with their sub-families. 



The Fissirostres comprise the Meropidce [MEROPID^E], the Halcyon- 

 idee [HALCYON ID^;], the Trogonidte [TROOONIDJE], the Caprimulgidce 

 [GOATSUCKERS], and the Hirundinidce .[SWALLOWS], with their sub- 

 families. 



INSPIRATION. [RESPIRATION.] 



INTESTI'NA (Intestinaux), the second class of the Racliata, or 

 fourth division of the animal kingdom, according to the classification 

 of Cuvier. In the ' Regne Animal" this class is divided into two 

 orders, Cavitaria and Parenchymala, which include all the Entozoa of 

 Rudolph! ; but the term Infest ina, if retained at all, should be applied 

 only to the true Intestinal Worms, or those parasites which live in 

 the intestines of other animals, and should exclude the Entoza whiih 

 are found in the cellular tissue and substance of the different viscera 

 of the body. 



The order Cavitaria ('vers intestinaux cavitaires') of Cuvier cor- 

 responds to the fifth order Nematoidea of Rudolphi, and the group 

 Ccelelminllta of Owen. The Parenchymata (' vers intestinaux parei.- 

 chymateux') includes the other four orders of Rudolphi, Acantho- 

 cephala Trematoda, Ceatoidea, and Cystica, and corresponds to Mr. 

 Owen's group of Sterelmintha. [ENTOZA.] 



INTESTINAL WORMS. [ENTOZOA.] 



INTESTINES are that portion of the digestive canal into which 

 the food is received after it has been partially digested in the stomach, 

 and in which its further assimilation, the separation and absorption of 

 the nutritive matter, and the removal of that which is excremeu- 

 titious, take place. In an adult the intestines consist of a convoluted 

 tube of from 30 to 40 feet in length, and are, from the difference of 

 their diameters in different parts, divided into Small Intestines, which 

 comprise about the first four-fifths, and Large Intestines, which con- 

 stitute the other fifth of their length. The former again are divided 

 into the Duodenum [DUODENUM], into which the ducts from the liver 

 and pancreas open, and in which the chyme from the stomach is 

 converted into chyle [DIGESTION ; CHYLE] ; the Jejunum, in which 

 the absorption of the nutritive matter of the food is principally 

 effected ; and the Ileum. The large intestines are divided into the 

 Coocum, Colon, and Rectum. 



The walls of the intestinal canal are composed of three principal 

 coats or membranes. The exterior, which is smooth and polished, 

 is called the peritoneal, and its principal use is to permit the free 

 motions of the intestines within the abdomen, and of their several 

 convolutions against each other, by rendering the effect of friction as 

 slight as possible. [PERITONEUM.] Next to and within the peritoneal 

 coat is the muscular, which is composed of two layers of fibres ; an 

 external, in which they are directed longitudinally, and an internal, 

 of which the fibres encircle the intestine. By these the motions of 



