INULIN. 



1POM.EA. 



171 



wnksr, from which it is deposited on cooling ; and this distinguishes it 

 from starch. With iodine it gives a greenish-yellow compound, 

 which U Dot permanent Inulin i* distinguished from gum by iU 

 isMotability in cold water, and by not giving aaccholactic acid when 



: . . ; 



I UM leaflets of the involucre all linear. Leaves ovate- 

 i, downy, denticulate ; lower leave* narrowed into a fooUtalk ; 

 i of the ray nbUgulaU; fruit terete. It is the Confta tqnarroia 

 of Smith. The atem U from one to two feet high, leafy ; heads 

 corymbose. The flower* yellow, thoee of the circumference between 

 tabular and ligulatc, deeply divided on the inner side. It i* found on 

 calcareous soils in Oreat Britain, and U known by the name of Plough- 

 man's Spikenard. 



/. rnikmoidt* hat the leaflet* of the involucre linear, taper pointed ; 

 learn fleshy, linear, obtiue, or with three point*. The stem about a 

 foot high. slightly branched near the top, each branch terminating in 

 aolitary bead with an orange-coloured due and yellow rays. It in 

 found on rocks and in muddy salt marshes by the sea. It is called 

 Ooldeo Sampline. 



ixri.ix. [isrLA.] 



I Xl'rs, a grnu* of Monkeys. [QUADRCXAXA.] 



IXVOLC'CRUM, in Botany, is any collection of bracts round a 

 cluster of flowers. In umbelliferous plants it consists of separate 

 narrow bracts placed in a single whorl ; in many composite plants 

 thsis organs are imbricated in several rows. If the bracts belong to 

 a tMondary series of the infloresenoe, as in the partial umbels of an 

 sptaeeoua plant, or in the solitary florets of Kckinop*, they form an 

 ioToluceL The most singular state of the involucrum is that which 

 is found in the genera Catlmua, Payui, Querctu, 4c., where it forms a 

 cap, or dosed cover, remarkable in the European species of those 

 genera, but much more so in the species of India. 



IOLITE, a Mineral, also called bickroile and Cordierite. It belongs 

 to the group of anhydrous silicates of alumina. It crystallises in 

 rhombic and hexagonal prisms, and usually occurs in 6- or 12-sided 

 prisms, or disseminated in masses without distinct form. The 

 cleavage is indistinct ; but the crystals are often separable into layers 

 parallel to the base. The colour is of various shades of blue often 

 deep blue in the direction of the axis, and yellowish-gray transversely. 

 The streak is uncoloured. Lustre and appearance much like that of 

 glass Transparent to translucent. It is brittle, and has a hardness of 

 ' lu uprcific gravity U 2"<J to 27. A specimen from Connecticut, 

 United States, bad the following composition : 



Silica 48-8 



82-5 



Protoxide of Iron . 

 Protoxide of Manganese 



N\ -.- 



10-0 

 6-0 

 0-1 

 3-1 



-100 



i blow-pipe it fuses with difficulty to a blue glass resembling 

 UM mineral. It is distinguished by this property from blue quartz, 

 for which alone it could be mistaken. 



lolite is found at Bodenmais in Bavaria, Arendal in Norway, Cabo 

 de (iala in Spain, Tunaberg in Finland, also in Greenland, Ceylon, and 

 UM United Stales. It is occasionally employed as an ornamental stone, 

 and when cut it present* different shade* of colour, hence one of its 

 BUMS, Diehroite (l<xm*). lolite refers to its violet colour (tout). 



When loliu i* exposed to the air and moisture it undergoes a 

 gradual alteration. It absorb* wt-r, and becomes converted into a 

 hydrate. It then assume* a foliated micaceous structure resembling 

 talc. Hydrous Ittilt, CUoropliyUitt, and Kmartile are names that 

 hare been given to altered lolite, and PaMtuule and tiiyanlholitc hare 

 probably the same origin. 



(Dana, Mineralogy.) 



IONK, or, a* it is sometimes written, JOKE, a parasitic genus of 



CnmsBsans, placed by Dsmarest under the Itopoda, hut by Latrrille, 

 who iHihliihii the sub-genus, under the Am,J,ipo<la. The latter 



und.-r the 

 8, 4) ; and 



. 



founded his separation on the figure given by Montagu 

 dsn<isl*MHnn of (Mwnu (Aorocicm (' Linn. Trans.,' is. ill 

 obssins that it presents particular characters which place it at a 

 distance from all the other forms of the order. The body is composed 

 of about nften joints, which are only to be dUtinfruinhed by lateral 

 taahinai in UM form of tooth. The four antenna are very short : 

 UM external ones, longer than the two others, are only visible when 

 the animal is seen on UM back. The first two segment* of the body 

 in the female are each provided with two elongated fleshy flattened 

 oar Itk* cirrbL The feet are short, hidden under the body, and 

 hooked. The last six segment* are furnished with lateral fleshy 

 elongated faenifnlaUd appendages, which are simple in the males, but 

 in UM form of oars in the other sex. At the posterior extremity of 



in UM form of oars in the other sex. At the posterior extremity 

 UM body are six other appendage*, which are simple and curved, t 

 of them being longer than UM other*. The abdominal valves 



wo 

 are 



. 



wry Urge, cover all the lower part of th* body, and form a specie* of 

 recepUcU far the eggs. 



Thi. parasite hide* itwlf tinder the shell of CaUianana tubt,rrant 

 [CALUAXA.WA J, and there forms a tumor on one of it* aides. Montagu 

 extracted it, ami kept it alive for some days. The females are always 

 momnaniiJ by their males, which are very inferior in sice, and fix 



themselves firmly upon the abdominal appendages of the former by 

 means of their claws. Latreille, whose account we have given, speaks 

 of it as rare, and remarks that in it* habits it approaches to Bopynu. 

 [IsoroDA.] (Montagu, ' Linn. Trans.') 





lone Ihoracica. a, female ; i, male. 



IONIDIUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 riolactte. It has 5 sepals not prolonged at the base ; corolla unequal, 

 2-lipped, consisting of 5 petals, the lowest of which is very Urge and 

 unguiculnte : stamens 6, hypogynous, unequal, the two anterior baring 

 anthers that are often appendiculate ; capsule protected by the per- 

 manent sepals ; petals and stamens few, or many-seeded. The species 

 are herbaceous plants or shrubs. 



/. Ipecacuanha is a native of the forests of Brazil It has alternate 

 lanceolate ovate leaves, serrated, acute at each end ; stipules ovate- 

 lanceolate, acute, membranous, ribbed in the middle ; sepals semi- 

 pinnatifid ; lower petal very large, transrersely elliptical. The roots 

 are emetic, and are often collected as a substitute for the true 

 Ipecacuanha. 



/. Poaya is found in fields in the western parts of Minas Gcraes, and 

 elsewhere in Brazil. It is a very shaggy plant. The stem suffruticose, 

 usually simple ; leaves alternate, subeessile, ovate, somewhat cordate 

 at the base, rather acute, obsoletely toothed ; stipules linear, scarious, 

 quite entire, hardly perceptible; lower petal very large, broadly 

 obcordate ; filaments bearded on the outside at the apex ; membranous 

 process of the anthers very email. Roots emetic, and like the hut 

 species substituted for true Ipecacuanha. 



/. mici'ophyllum is found at Quito near the foot of Chimborazo. 

 The stems are somewhat quadrangular, smooth on the angles, downy 

 on the sides, filiform, erect, apparently not above one foot high, if 

 so much. The leaves are all opposite, orate, wedge-shaped, and 

 entire at the base, with two or three coarse serratures on each side 

 towards the point, covered sparingly on each side with short fine down ; 

 the stipules are membranous, linear-ovate, acuminate, longer than the 

 very short petioles ; flowers small, axillary, solitary, and erect ; pedun- 

 cles filiform, slightly downy, twice as long as the leaves ; sepals ovats- 

 acute, with a little fine down along the middle of the back ; lip pandu- 

 riform, that is, unguiculate, roundish, emarginate, with the claw almost 

 rhomboidal from the projection of its sides at opposite points. It is 

 stated to be a specific in Elephantiasis tuberculnta, the ' Mai de Sou 

 Lazaro ' of the Spanish Americans, and Cocobay ' of Jamaica. Dr. 

 Bancroft speaks most favourably of its effects in this disease. It is 

 known by the name of ' Cuchuncbully ' in its native country. There 

 is some difference of opinion as to the exact species which furnishes 

 this preparation. 



/. pan-iflorum has roots extremely like Ipecacuanha in appearance 

 and properties. 



/. brtricault is a Brazilian plaut It is emetic, and a powder of the 

 root rubbed up with sugar oud milk furnishes an agreeably swcut 

 medicine. 



/. urticirfulium is also an emetic of the same country. 



IOKA, or JURA, a genus of Birds established by Dr. llorafiold, and 

 placed by Mr. Swainson among his lirachypodina, or Short-Legged 

 Thrushes. [MKBUI.IU.&] 



IPECACUANHA. (CEPHAELIS.] 



1P1MCROCEHA. [BoRDORUsJ 



IPOJL-EA, a genus of Plant* of tho natural family of ConvolvtUacat, 

 which is very closely allied to C'onro/m/iw, or Bindweed, whence has 

 been derived its name. From the more minute investigations of 

 modern botanists considerable changes have taken place in tho 

 nomenclature of the species sometimes referred to this genus and 

 sometimes to other nearly allied genera. M. Choisy, who has most 

 recently examined the Oriental Convoltulacea, exclude* many species 

 usually referred here, and forms the genus of the species of /jionwra 

 and Uvnrolvultu of authors. Ipomira has a 6-sepaled calyx, a cam- 

 panulate corolla, with five stamens included within it ; style single ; 

 stigma bilobed ; lobes capitate ; ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-i-eeded ; capsule 

 2-ceIlod. The species are very numerous, and found in the tropical 

 parts of Asia, Africa, and America. A few ascend the mountains in 

 such latitudes. 



Most of the species ore ornamental ; others have been removed to 

 Quamoflit, Argyreia, Pharbilit, tc., and one of the most useful as an 

 article of diet in tropical countries, to Batata*. B. tdulit produces 

 the tubers so well known by tho name of Sweet Potatoes. [BATATAS.] 



/. Tnrpdhum is found in the Host Indies, Malayan Archipelago, 

 Australia, Timor, Otaheite, Friendly Islands, Marianne Islands, 



