297 



JACCHUS. 



JANTHIXA. 



293 



/. vulgarit ; and the second of those whose tail is not annulated, as 

 /. melanurus. 



J. vulgaris appears to be the Simla Jacchusof Linnams and others; 

 CaUithric Jacchu* of Erxleben ; Hapale Jacchui of Illiger and Kuhl; 

 Cercupithecus Jacchus of Blumenbach ; Cagui, Sagouin, Sagoin, Sang- 

 lain, and Sanglin, of Edwards and various authors, the latter terms 

 being probably derived from Sahuim, the name by which it is said to 

 be known near Bahia ; Ouistiti of Buffon and the French ; Striated 

 Monkey of Pennant. 



Length of body about 8 inches; tail rather more than 11 inches; 

 colour olive-gray, darkest on the head and shoulders, where it becomes 

 nearly black ; tail and lower part of the back barred or annulated 

 with pale-gray ; lower parts of extremities brownish-gray. Face of a 

 flesh-colour ; two tufts of pale hair spring round the ears ; front claws 

 hooked and thick. 



Jaectttu 



It is a native of Guyana and Brazil. The habits of the genus 

 generally are squirrel-like, though they are, occasionally at least, car- 

 nivorous. J. vidgarig, in a wild state, is omnivorous, feeding on fruits, 

 roots, seeds, insects, and little birds or nestlings. The individual (in 

 captivity) from which Edwards took his drawing fed upon biscuits, 

 fruit, greenx, insects, snails, &e., and once, when loose, it suddenly 

 matched a Chinese gold-fieh from a basin of water and devoured it : 

 Mrs. Kennon, to whom it belonged, after this gave it live eels, which 

 frightened it at fir.-t by twisting round its neck, but it soon mastered 

 and ate them. Mrs. Moore, of Rio Janeiro, sent a living specimen of 

 /. pmicillatus, which was said to have been obtained from Bahia, to 

 the Zoological Society of London, with the following note : " Like 

 most monkeys, it will eat almost anything ; but its chief and favourite 

 food, in its wild state, is the banana. It is a very delicate auimal, 

 and requires great warmth ; and its very beautiful tail is in this 

 respect eminently conducive to the comfort of the little creature, who, 

 on all occasions when he requires warmth, rolls himself up in the 

 natural boa with which Providence has in its wisdom endowed him." 



The Ouistitis, or Sanglins, not unfrequently breed in confinement. 

 Edwards notices a pair that bred in Portugal, and F. Cuvier pos- 

 sessed two which had young. Three little ones were born, and the 

 female soon ate off the head of one ; but the others beginning to 

 luck, she became careful of them and affectionate to them. The male 

 seemed more fond of them than the mother, and assisted her in her 

 care of them. Lady Rolle addressed a letter to the secretary of the 

 Zoological Society of London (February, 1835), giving an account of 

 the birth of two young ones, the produce of a pair of Ouistitis (/. 

 penicittalut, Geoff.) in her ladyship's possession. The parents were 

 obtained in Ixradon during the preceding summer, and the young 

 were brought forth on the 1st January. One was born dead, but the 

 other wtui surviving at the date of the letter, being then about six 

 weeks old, and appearing likely tojive. It was every day put on the 

 at the dessert, and fed upon sweet cnke. Lady Rolle stated 

 that the mother took great care of it, exactly in the manner described 

 by Edwards in bis ' Gleaning*.' It was observed that young of the 

 fame species had been born at the Society's Gardens, but not living, 

 and that a fi-male ill the collection of the president, the Earl of Derby, 

 at Knowsley, had produced, about the same time as Lady Rolle' a, two 



living and healthy young ones, which were then still thriving. (' Zool. 

 Proc.') 



Dr. Gray places the form among the Anthropomorphous Primates, 

 in the family Sariguida:, and in its last sub-family (the 5th) Harpa- 

 Una (Hapalina ?), which is immediately preceded by Saguinina. 



Mr. Swainson, who arranges it under his family CAulce, gives the 

 group the appellation of Mouse-Monkeys, because the large cutting 

 teeth in the lower jaw strongly indicate, in his opinion, " a represen- 

 tation of the order Glim." 



JACK. [Esox.] 



JACK-IN-A-BOX, a name given to a species of Ifemandia, in 

 which the seeds make a noise when shaken in their pericarps. 



[HERSANDIACE.fi.] 



JACK-OF-THE-HEDGE. [ERYSIMUM.] 



JACK-SNIPE. [SCOLOPACID.*.] , 



JACK-TREE. [ARTOCABPUS.] 



JACKAL. [C'ANis.] 



JACKDAW, the well-known English name for Conus Monedula of 

 Linneeus. [CORVID.E.] 



JACKSA W, one of the provincial English names for the Dun Diver. 

 [Drt'KS.] 



JACOB'S-LADDER. [POLEMONIUIL] 



JADE, a name which has been given to several Minerals which 

 resemble each other but little, except in colour, and therefore it is 

 one which it would be well should fall into disuse. 



Serpentine, Nephrite, and Saussurite have all been described under 

 the name of Jade. Yu, or Chinese Jade, is supposed to be Preknite. 



J/ERA. [IsoroDA.] 



JAGER. [LARID.E.] 



JAGUAR. [FELID.E.] 



JALAP. [IPOM.EA.] 



JAMESON ITE, a Mineral which occurs crystallised and massive. 

 Its specific gravity is 5'564. It consists of- 

 Sulphur ........ 22'5 



Lead 387 



Antimony ....... 34-9 



Iron 2-6 



987 



JANIA. [CORALLINACE-K.] 



JANIPHA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Euphorbiacett. It has monoecious flowers ; calyx campanulate, 

 5-parted; petals wanting ; stamens 10 in the male flowers, filaments 

 unequal, distinct, arranged round a disc. lu the female flowers the 

 style is one; stigmas 3, consolidated into a rugose mass; capsule 

 3-coccous. 



J. Ma.ni.hot (Jatroplia Manihot of Linnicus) is a native of Brazil. It 

 has an oblong tuberous root, as big as a child's head, full of a wheyish 

 venomous juice. The stems are white, brittle, having a very large 

 pith, and several knobs sticking out on every side like warts, being 

 the remains of the foot-stalks of the leaves, which have dropped off, 

 usually 6 to 7 feet high, with a smooth white bark ; branches crooked, 

 and have on every side near their tops leaves irregularly placed on 

 long terete petioles, broadly-cordate in their outline, divided nearly to 

 their base into 5 spreading lanceolate entire segments, alternate at 

 both extremities, dark-green above, pale-glaucous beneath; the midrib 

 strong, prominent below, and there yellowish-red : from it there 

 branch off several oblique veins, connected by lesser transverse ones ; 

 stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, caducous ; panicles, or compound 

 racemes, axillary and terminal, 4 to 5 inches long, bearing sometimes 

 all male or female dowers, at other times these are mixed on the same 

 peduncle ; pedicels with small subulate bracts at their base. Male 

 flowers sualler than the female. Calyx purplish on the outside, 

 fulvous-brown within, cut about half-way down into five spreading 

 segments; disc orange-coloured, fleshy, annular, 10-rayed; stamens 

 10, alternate with the lobes of the disc ; filaments shorter than the 

 calyx, white, filiform, free ; anthers linear, oblong, yellow. Female 

 flowers of the same colour as the male, deeply 5-parted ; the segments 

 lanceolate, ovate, spreading ; disc an annular orange-coloured ring, in 

 which the purple ovate furrowed ovary is imbedded ; style short ; 

 stigmas 3, reflexeJ, furrowed and plaited, white ; capsule ovate, 

 3-cornered, 3-coccous ; seeds elliptical, black, shining, with a thick 

 fleshy fuuiculus. The expressed juice is dangerously poisonous. 

 Fecula of the root harmless when separated from the juice and 

 exposed to heat. It is called Cassava a principal article of diet in 

 South America. The nutritious substance known as Tapioca is the 

 Cassava differently prepared and granulated. [FooD.] These prepara- 

 tions are obtained by crushing the roots after the bark has been 

 removed, and straining off the water, when the mass is gradually dried 

 in pans over the fire. 



(Lindley, Flora, Medica.) 



JANI'RA (Oken), a genus of Acalcphas, apparently nearly allied to 

 the Callianirtf. 



JA'NTHINA, or IANTHINA, Lamarck's name for a genus of 

 Turbinated Testaceous Mollusks of remarkable habits. 

 ' Linnaeus placed the form among the Helices, under the name of 

 Helij: Janlhina, between JI. perrena and//, vivipara ; and he was 

 aware of its pulagic distribution. 



Lamarck arranges it next to Nalica the last genus of his 



