



JUNCAGINACEjE. 



any of the EuglUh Tarwtiea, Several other varieties are enumerated 

 in coatinentallwU ; and in the ' Fruit Catalogue of the Horticultural 

 Society for IMS,' DIM varieties wore recorded a* growing in the 

 gardeo. of the Society. 



/. .yr*. UM Black Walnut-Tree, bai leave, with from 13 to 17 

 IraiUu, whkh an unequal at the base, serrated, and somewhat downy. 

 Tb fruit is globose, roughish, with minute prominent points, situated 

 upon a abort inflexible peduncle. The nut is globose, aomewbat 

 uuinpissssd at UM aide*, ridged, and furrowed. This U a North 

 American tree, and U found in all parU of the United State*, as far 

 a* 40* SO' N. Ut It U abundant in the fnreiU about PnUadalphia. 

 and ie met with from Ooahen to the bank* of the Mississippi, 

 throughout an extent of SOOO miles. It U one of the first trees that 

 was introduced from America to Europe, having been brought to 

 England by the younger Tradeacant in 1656. The Black Walnut is 

 a rapid-growing tree, and attains a height of 50 or 60 feet in about 

 forty ymra. It bran fruit in this country, but it is very much 

 inferior to that of the European walnut The wood of this tree is 

 tued almost for the same purposes as that of the last It is heavier, 

 stronger, susceptible of a oner polish than the European species, and 

 is not to liable to be attacked by worms. 



J. niMrra, the Ony Walnut or Butternut-Tree, has 15 to 17 leaflet", 

 rounded at the base, serrate, and tomentose beneath; the petiole 

 Tillous ; the fruit oblong-ovate with a taper tip, downy, and covered 

 with small transparent resides containing a viscid matter. The nut 

 is oval with very prominent irregular ridges. This tree is from North 

 America. It U found in Upper and Lower Canada, and in the tern 

 prrate regions of the United States. This tree attains in its native 

 rrgions a height of about 50 or 60 feet Although it was introduced 

 into this country about the same time as the last species, there are 

 Tt-nr few large specimens at the present time. The kernel of the nuts 

 U thick and oily, and soon becomes rancid, and hence probably the 

 names of Butter-Nut and Oil-Nut The wood U used in the districts 

 where it grows for the same purposes as the last Its bark possesses 

 considerable medicinal power*, and is used in the United States as a 

 purgative and as an application in toothache. IU leaves also are so 

 acrid that they are employed, when powdered, as a substitute for 

 can thai-idea. 



All UM species of walnuts are best propagated by the nut, which, 

 when the tree is intended for ornament or timber, should be sown in 

 UM place where it is wished it should remain, as the large tap-root of 

 tbass trees is likely to be injured by removing them, although with 

 great care they may be successfully transplanted. When trees are 

 planted for the sake of their fruit they are mostly increased by bud- 

 ding, grafting, and sometimes by layering. " The most approved and 

 successful mod* of budding, and which is the one chiefly adopted on 

 UM continent, is that called the ' flute ' me' .iod ; in performing which 

 an entire ring of bark, containing one or more buds, is exactly fitted 

 to UM upper extremity of the stock, which is also denuded of its bark ; 

 should the stock be larger than the ring containing the buds the 

 ring requires to be slit up, but if this exceeds the stock, then a small 

 portion requires to be cut out so as to make it fit Mr. Knight also 

 invariably succeeded in budding the walnut by using the minute buds 

 that are found at the base of the annual shoots of this tree, which, as 

 be says, ' are almost concealed in the bark, and which rarely if ever 

 vegetate, but in the event of the destruction of the large prominent 

 bods which occupy the middle and opposite ends of the annual wood.' " 

 (Selby.) These be inserted on yearly stocks which grew in poU, the 

 vegetation of which had been retarded by exposing them during the 

 pring and early part of the summer in a northern aspect, until the 

 above-mentioned buds were formed on the current year's shoots of 

 the tree* intended to be propagated, when the pots containing the 

 planta were brought into a forcing-house, and there budded. 

 > is no tree that requires less pruning than the walnut, and where 

 large branches are cut off it is almost invariably followed by a decay 

 of the tree at the spot where abscission was performed. The best 

 soil for the walnut is a deep, stiffisb, dry-bottomed loam. It will 

 thrive however almost anywhere, provided the soil is free from stag- 

 " I"*'"** 1 **' "** **** ' ro ' 1 ** obtained from trees growing on 



Previous to the time of the publication of Nuttall's ' Genera of 

 Worth American Plants,' the various species of North American trees 

 smiled Hickory were regarded as species of the genus Juglaiu. These 

 XutUll referred to a new genus, Carya. [CABTA.] There is another 

 peoisa, formerly referred to Jt&mu, and called J. frasinifolia, that 

 Kunth ha* made into a gtnos called Ptmrarya. It differs from 

 'y*"*' io iu fruit having two wings, and in the embryo not being 

 aneosspanied by albumen. It is a native of moist woods at the foot 



UM Caucasus, and hence called P. Cameatica. It is a small tree 

 with an ample btuby bead, attaining a height of 30 or 40 feet Its 

 Uavrs are alternate, very large, commonly having IK leaflets, which 

 arr oblong, denticulate, with blunt teeth. Kach of the leaflets has 

 coe of the sidea shorter than the other. It has not been much planted 

 hi Great Rriuin, Imt i well adapted for small gardens and arboretums 

 as an example of the natural order Jaylandtcar. 



(London, Art. tl Fna. Brit.; Selby, Britak forat-Trea ; Burnett, 

 <*// ejf &*,,; Michaux, ffvrlk American Syln, 

 / (turmtmng.) 



JUGULAR VI'.! NS, the large venous trunks by which the greater 

 part of the blood is returned to the heart after having circulated in 

 the head, face, and neck. There are two on each side, an external or 

 mi|H.Tficial, and an internal or deep. The external jugular lies on each 

 side just under the skin, and extends from near the angle of the jaw 

 to the middle of the clavicle, behind which it opens into the sub- 

 clavion vein. It conveys the blood of the confluent streams from the 

 jaws, temples, and front and sides of the neck, and of some of those 

 from the face. The internal jugular, which is far larger than the 

 external, lies deep in the neck, by the side of the carotid artery. It 

 receives all the blood from the skull and the brain, from the eyes and 

 ears, and from the scalp, face, tongue, palate, pharynx, Ac. The 

 internal jugular veins extend from the base of the skull just in front 

 of the vertebral column, down the neck, to some depth behind the 

 clavicles, where they unite with the subclavian veins, by which all 

 the blood is brought from the arms and upper part of the chest and 

 neck to form the vena; innominate, which by their union form thu 

 vena cava superior, which opens directly into the right auricle of the 

 heart [HEART.] 



JULIS, a genus of Fishes belonging to the family Labrida. The 

 bead is smooth ; cheeks and gill-covers without scales, the lateral lino 

 bent suddenly downwards when opposite the end of the dorsal fins. 

 In other respects this genus resembles Labrut. [L.VBRID.E.] An 

 example of a very beautiful species of this genus, known under the 

 name of the Rainbow-Wrasse, was described by Donovan as taken 

 off the coast of Cornwall. It is the /. Mediterranea of Risso, the 

 J. rulyarii of Fleming and Cuvier. This fish is most remarkable 

 for its varied colours. Its back is greenish-blue ; the longitudinal 

 band is orange ; beneath that are lilac-coloured bands on a silvery 

 ground ; the head is varied with brown, yellow, blue, and silver ; the 

 dorsal fin orange, with a purple spot on the membrane connecting the 

 three epinous rays. (Yorrell, ritih Fitlte.) 



JUNCA'CE-E, Rtuket, a small natural order of Endogenous 

 Plants, so named from /uncut, the Rush, which is considered its type. 

 It in principally composed of obscure herbaceous planta, with brown 

 or green glumaceotis hexandrous flowers, and would perhaps be with 

 more propriety considered a section of Liliacett than a separate order. 

 It forms one of the transitions from complete Endogens to the imper- 

 fect glumaceous form of that class. The species are chiefly found in 

 the colder parts of the world, some even in the coldest ; two existing 

 in the ungenial climate of Melville Island. Some however are known 

 in the tropics. Eight are mentioned as inhabiting the tropical parts 

 of Australia. They are only employed for mechanical purposes, as 

 the rush and others. There are 13 genera and 200 species. [RUSHES, 

 in ARTS AND Sc. Drv.] 





articulntul. 



1, a flower ipread open \ 2, a capsule; 3, s wed out through iU longer axis, 

 bowing the embryo. 



JUNCAOINA'CE.*, Arrow-Grant*, a small and unimportant 

 order of Endogenous Plant*, consisting of marsh plants with thin 

 minute scaly flowers formed of 8 sepals, 3 petals, and as many 

 stamens, which are opposite them. Their ovaries aro 3 or 6 iu 

 number, cottain each one or two ascending ovules, and when rip<: 

 form a rlry fruit. The embryo has a lateral slit for the emission of 

 the plumule, en which account they are regarded as allied to Aracert. 

 The (.-i-tiuH f*clifiirli:eria is n transition from Arrow-Grasses to Rushes, 

 TriyMtin is the commonest genus of the order, and inhabits the 

 fresh or salt marshes of most parts of Europe. Marshy places in 

 most parts of the world may be expected to indicate traces of this 



