LAK1D.K. 



Ml 



<V*r*j (CHmrmitm, Ray Cttaraeta, Aldror. f). Bill moderate, 

 hard, straw, cylindrical, vsry oompcess.d, hooked at the point, the 

 posr BwndihM ovrd with a eere, UM uadsr mandible with an ancle 

 oa UM inferior edge. NostrO* approaching UM point of UM bill, 

 iHssyml narrow, dosed on their posterior part, and pervious. Tarsi 

 Mac, *ked above UM knee. Feet having three toss before, entirely 

 palamtod; Bind to* very small; nails Urn aad hooked. Tail .lightly 

 rounded, two middle feathers elongated. Wings, Ant quill-feather 

 loafsst. (Gould.) 



L. MraMtftcw. Old of both Sex** in Perfect Plumage. Front 

 whhiah ; 0*1 UM summit of UM bead a sort of hood of blackish- 

 brown, terminating at UM occiput ; throat, region below UM eyes, all 

 UMMck. the breast, UM belly, and abdomen, pore white j on th* Banks 

 COM aah-coloured undulation*; lower covert* of UM tail, back, wings, 

 aad caudal feathers, uniform very dsp aahy-brown, graduating into 

 hhrtish on UM end of the quill* and tail-feather*; the two long tail- 

 feaUwn terminated in a loose point (en pointe tras-effllee) ; base of 

 UM bill bluish, point black ; iris brown; feet deep black. Length 

 14 or IS inch**; the long feathers exceed from S to 5 or 6 inches, 

 (Temm.) 



In this state M. Temminek eootiden H to be Lana ponutttcu, Linn., 

 Otnei ; Orfaraeto furmitieu, ReU ; Sltnorariut lonyicaudut, Briss. ; 

 Le Labbe Longue Queue, Buff ; Sterooraria di Coda Longs, 'Stor. 

 '. foe. ;' Die Polmowe, Lepechin ; Struntmeve, Beohst ; Arctic 



Bird. Edwards; Arctic Gull, Latham. 



Middle An. All the upper parts spotless ashy-brown ; lower parts 

 a shad* brighter, equally spotless, ; interior base of the quills and the 

 upper put only of UM caudal feather, pure white, the rest blackish- 

 brown ; UM two long feathen gradually diminishing toward* the end, 

 which i* terminated in a very loon point; bill and feet as in indi- 

 viduals with perfect plumage. 



la this state the bird is Lanu ertpidatm* of the first edition of 

 M.Temminck's'Manael;' Le Storoorair* of Brisson ; Le Labbe ou le 

 Stweonin of Boffon, especially PL EnL tf 91, and more especially Edw., 

 1.149. (Temm.) 



of UM Tear at the Tim* of their Learing the Nest Top of 



owbh-brown on a whitish ground ; abdomen and tail- 

 VTWIB wiped transvenely ; quill and tail-featheni blackish, white 

 atUMir hae. and internal barbs, all terminated with white ; tail rounded 

 oahr: bass of the bill yeUowbh-green, black toward* the point; tarai 

 bluiab-a*fa ; UM of the toes and membrane* white, the rent black ; 

 posterior aall often white. (Temm.) 



In this etete M. Temminek conldm UM bird to be Lanu crepidatvi, 

 Omelin; Chtarrsxtt (Catharacta) Ctffk**, Hrunnich; Le Labbe ou 

 Hterooraire of author* : Labbe k Courte Queue, CUT. ; and Black- 

 IWOoIl of Lathaa aad Pennant ; Yr Wylan Ysgafn of the Welsh. 



Mr. Oould, wboae flgnre we have copied, nays that he believe* the 

 bird in question to be the true I'ara,>iic** of Linmcui, Buflon, *nd 

 Tennrinck; and although Mr. Oould think* it proUble that the 

 Moist na'letvuw rarUUoo* in plumage nimllar to thow of Lain, 

 titturJtemi, be is by no DCMM able, frum his own knowledge, to 

 Ute tail tobetaeoa*e,a*mallthe spKimen, which he hadTppor. 

 *-"- of eiaminiMt UM markinn were clear and decided, the l.ircl. 



ired cap oa UM head, light under 



i 1 1 *i* ussWiB^HfWiiimi vmu 

 part*, aad very long middle teil feathrn. 



Looallttsa, Saorss of UM Baltic, Norway 



UssJf habitually in UM interior on lake, an-f riven ; of" periodical or 

 passage in Germany, Holland. France, and Switzerland, 

 jmwf oaly ordinarily are seen : the old rarely wander. 

 :> "In it* young .ute, a* UM Black-Totd Gull (Lana 

 of sathon, Uii. ,pi," write* Mr. Selby, " is not of 

 Mcarrtaor, during UM autumnal month*, upon the northern 



coart of England, to which it is attracted by the Gull* that follow the 

 shoals of herring on their approach to the shallow* for the purpow of 

 depositing their (pawn. Like the other Skua* it obtain* the greater 

 part of Ha (utxutenoe by continual warfare on the above-mentioned 

 bird*, vigorously pursuing and harassing them till they are compelled 

 to disgorge the food previously swallowed. In this occupation it* dark 

 plumage and rapid flight are certain to attract the attention of the 

 spectator : and there are few probably who have visited the coast of 

 Scotland and the northern district* of England who have not witnessed 

 and admired the aorial evolution* of the Teazer, and the distreas of it* 

 unfortunate object* of attack. It is but very rarely met with beyond 

 the prrcincte of the Shetland and Orkney Isle* in it* adult state, and 

 only one instance ha* occurred within my own observation, namely, 

 on an excursion to the Fern Islands in the month of May, when two 

 of these bird* flew ahead of the boat in a northerly direction, and 

 which were perfectly distinguishable by their lengthened and slender 

 middle Uil-featbers, and the black and white of their plumage. This 

 Skua doe* not appear to be a permanent resident in any part of the 

 British dominions, for Low, in his ' Fauna Orcadensia/ describee it as 

 a migratory bird, arriving there and in Shetland in May, and depart- 

 ing in autumn, or as soon as the duties of reproduction have been 

 effected." Mr. Gould say* that he has not been able to ascertain 

 whether it breeds among the British Isles, and adds that it is certainly 

 of rare occurrence. It* natural habitat, he thinks, is more confined to 

 the north, namely, the shores of the Baltic Sea, Norway, and the 

 Polar region*. All our Arctic voyagers mention it, down to Captain 

 James Koss inclusive, and it appears to be common in the Polar Seas 

 of Europe and America, 



The account given by Mr. Selby above will prepare the reader for 

 the principal source whence this and other Jiiger Gulls derive their 

 subsistence, namely, by pursuing and buffeting the peaceable gulls and 

 compelling them to render up the produce of their toils. But they 

 also feed on fish, insects, and worms, and Temminek particularly 

 mentions the Jaitthina, or Oceanic Snail, as forming a part of ita 

 sustenance. In truth no animal substances seem to come amiss to 

 it Mr. Richards, of her Majesty's ship Heels, saw this bird feeding 

 on the bodies of some young children whose graves of ice had vanished 

 ou the thaw, near Igloolik, on the 21st of June 1823. 



Temminek says that it nestles not far from the sea-shore. 

 Selby, who states that it breeds upon several of the Orkney and 

 Shetland Isles, and that it is gregarious during that period, informs 

 us that the situations selected are the unfrequented heaths at some 

 distance from the shore, and that the nest is composed of dry grass 

 and mosses. The egg* are two, of a dark oil-green with irregular 

 blotches of liver-brown ; and Mr. Selby adds that the bird at this time 

 is very courageous, and, like the Common Skua, attacks every intruder 

 by pouncing and striking at the head with its bill aud wings. Occa- 

 sionally it endeavours, according to the same authority, to divert 

 attention by feigning lameness in the same manner as tbe Partridge 

 and the Lapwing. In the Appendix to Parry's 'Voyage' (1819-20) 

 this 'Arctic Lestris* is stated to be equally abundant in the islands 

 of the Polar Sea as iu Baffin's Bay. Captain Edward Sabine, who 

 drew up the account, states that it is frequently met with inland, 

 seeking it* food along the water-courses which occupy the bottom of 

 ravines ; differing in this respect from the Pomarine Lestris, which is 

 exclusively a sea-bird. 

 The following is a list of the British Lariittr, according to Yorrell : 



Sterna Caipia, the Caspian Tern. 



& Boyrii, the Sandwich Tern. 



8, Dottgallii, the Roseate Tern. 



>'. lliruntlo, the Common Tern. 



& arclica, the Arctic Tern. 



S. Itucojxtreia, the Whiskered Tern. 



& Anglita, the (lull-Bill.il Tern. 



& minuta, the Lesser Tern. 



S.Jtttii*t, the Black Tern. 



8. Itucopttra, the White-Winged Black Tern. 



S. iiuliila. the Noddy Tern. [STERNA.] 



Lartu Sabini, Sabine'* QulL 



L. minulta, the Little QulL 



L. capittratut, the Masked Gull. 



L. ridibtrndut, the Black-Headed Chill. 



L. atricilla, the Laughing Cjiill. 



L. tridaclytui, the Kittiwake Gull. 



/.. tburnetu, the Ivory Gull. 



L. cantu, the Common Gull. 



Inndtctu, the Iceland Gull, or Lower White-Winged Gull 



A./MCW. tbe Lesser Black-Backed Cull. 



L. argentattu, the Herring Cull. 



L. mariniur, the Great Black-Backed Gull. 



L. gUuKtu, the Glaucous Gull, or Large White- Winged Gull. 



Lrttri* ealararla, the Common Skua. 



L. pomaruHU, the I'omerine Skua. 



1.. Ridiardtmii, Richanlson's Skua. 



I., liuffmti, Buffon's Skua. 



1'roctllarin fflacialii, the Fulmar Petrel. [PnocELLAlUA.] 



Pnffinui major, the Greater Shearwater. 



/'. anylortan, the Manx Shearwater. [Pcmxus.] 



