m 



; . ur. 



S7I 



A Sepals of the Epi-Caly x (Pby lla Epicalycis). 



C Sepals (Sepala). 



A FM.li (Petala). 



1C IVudo-PeUls (ParapeUla). 



^. BUBMIM (Stamina). 



Cfc 



//. 



In cooMction with the Lee/ we may speak of the Bud, the organ 

 from which the Leaf b developed. 



The Bod is the end of a main or secondary axis, as yet undeveloped, 

 but capable of development We may distinguish 1. The Terminal 

 Rod (Gemma Terminalw), the end of a developed axis, itself capable 

 of development 2. The AxilUry Bud (Gemma Axillaris), the end, 

 capable of development, of a secondary axis newly arising, according 

 to Uw, in the axil of a leaf; since several buds may arise, without 

 irregularity, in one axil, that which develops most vigorously is 

 termed the main bud, the others accessory buds (gemma axillaris 

 primaria and aooessoria). 3. Lastly, the Adventitious Buds (Gemma 

 Advtntiti>, formed at the end of any (secondary) axis capable of 

 nt, arising irregularly on the plant In all these we dis- 

 buds continually progressing in development (gemma vege- 

 continua) from buds whole vegetating activity rests for a 

 after their development into a bud (gemma vegetatione inter- 

 rupt*). Again, buds are distinguished into those which, in the natural 

 course of vegetation, separate themselves from the parent plant and 

 become independent plants (gemma: pUntipane), and those which 

 always remain in connection with the parent plant (gemma! ramipara). 

 Finally, buds are distinguished according to their contents : there are 

 the Flower-Buds (Gemma Floripane, alabastrus) ; the Leaf-Bud* 

 (Oemmat Foliipane) ; and Mixed-Buds (Gemma) Mixta>). 



With the exception of the true tuber in Solan** and f/elianth<u(1), 

 and of the Tuber-Buds (Tubercula), all buds have a determinate number 

 of rudimentary foliar organs. These foliar organs are folded in specific 

 ways (vernatio), and have a definite position in relation to each other. 

 From the origin of the foliar organs, it follows that when several arise 

 at the same height, they will always be at some time in such a position 

 that their edges will be in contact (vernatio simplex, foliatio valvata). 

 This position often persists during the whole period of the bud 

 remaining " lucn >t is however changed by various circumstances, 

 not yet clearly understood, but which appear to be caused by the 

 individual development of the separate leaves. In the vernation the 

 following main forms may be distinguished : the foliar organs are 

 either curled up in the direction of their length or their breadth, or 

 they are compressed together in irregular folds (vernatio comigatira). 

 la those leaves that are curled up lengthways we distinguish sharp 

 folds from those which make rounder curves. 



***** *?" * following nomenclature of the kinds of 

 Vernation and Foliation : 



A. With sharp folds. 



. Varn.tio Duplicetiva. Simply folded together (forwards) upon 

 the upper surface of the leaf, u hi Queraa, Tilia, and the lauuua 

 of linodmdro*. 



* ^"**|"^*P>j| n *fr. Folded in the same way backward upon the 



e. Vernatio Implicetlra. The two borders folded in sharply forwards, 



M in the perigone of Cltmaiii. 

 <L Vernatio Pljoativa. Many longitudinal folds, as is wen, though not 



quite perfectly In Pagnt and Carpi*.., but better in AldxmMa, 



and beet of all in Pamicm plitatnm. 

 A With rounded folds. 



. Vernatio Convolutiva. Simply rolled up, M In Calto and Pnuuu. 

 * Veirnatio Involutiva. With both edges equally rolled up forwards, 



. Vernatio Rerolutiva. Rolled backwards in a similar manner as 

 Me* in Smlijc and A'coim, 



ta ** t** * f 



. Tematio Reclinativa. Recurred backwards, M in Aconitun. 

 c. VtrnaUo Circinate, Rolled up forwards from the point to the base, 

 M in (JPCM. 



w. dktmfuiJi th. pomtion of the foliar organ, in 

 oUlg i. l f **"* t > Potion of individual 



I the Foliation 



. 



with mpect to each other. With regard to 

 the Arat of th*.*, the condiUonihav. been pointed out. 



Valvau 



, touch without < 



their bord en. 



MM (trioto, In Vernatio Simplex. Flower in 



. FoUatw ladoplicatlva (f), la Vernatio Dupllcativa, 



c. Foliatio Implicativa, in Vernatio Implicativa, ai in the parigone of 

 Clematit. 



B. Foliatio Amplexa. When each leaf embraces all those within it 

 a. Foliatio Convolutiva, in Vernatio Convolutiva, as in Prunut 



Armatiaca. 

 6. Foliatio Equitans, in Vernatio Duplicativo, as in Irit. 



C. Foliatio Semiamplexa. When each leaf embraces with one edge, 



and is embraced on the other. 



a. Foliatio Contort*, in Vernatio Simplex (more than three leaves), 



as in the flower of l>ianth<u and Linum. 



b. Folktio Obvolutiva, in Vernatio Duplicativa, oa in Lychnit. 



D. Foliatio Quincuncialis. When five leaves so lie that between two 



external quite uncovered ones, and two iunrr quite covered 

 ones, the fifth is so interposed as to cover one of the inner 

 leaves with one edge, and to be covered at its other edge by one 

 of the external leaves, as in the flower of Rota. 



B. Foliatio Conoata. When the leaves of a circle are BO perfectly and 

 intimately grown together that on the full development they 

 become ruptured from their common basis, and fall away like a 

 cap, as in some calices, for instance, Eucatyptiu, Eichtcitollzia ; 

 and bracta, as in Aponogeton dittachyon, &c. 

 Some of the above forms are given in the following wood-cut 





1. Applicative, or sppreewd (ritevm a/iom). 1. Ccmdupllcate (Crrana 

 tommmtit). t. Imbrlcat* (Syringa rulfarit). 4. EquiUnUTerctc ( I'accirtium 

 iffrtillui). 5. EqulUnt-Anolptul (Ira fermanica). 6. Equiunt-Trlquetrous 

 (Oarti paluJata}. 7. Ubvolntr, or Semi-Amplexal (Saponaria nJKcinalu}. 8. 

 Orrste, or Circulate (Droirra anflica). 8. Involute ( Viola odorata). 1 

 tanUTttitquetral (Some Cartiri). 11. Plicate ( I'itii ririi/cra). 12. Involute 

 (s vsrlitlon) (/Vnu JVa/iuJ. II. Revolutc (folffonum ferucaria). 14. Con. 

 volute, or lapcrrolate (Pmniu Armrniaca). 



Finally. In respect to the position of individual circles of foliar 

 organs with respect to one another, the following have been 

 distinguished : 



A. Kuliatio Alternative. When the members of the one circle stand 



before the interspaces occurring between the members of another 

 circle, as in the calyx, corolla, and stamina of Lytimackia, 



B. Foliatio Oppositiva. When the members of one circle stand before 



the members of another circle. 



We may now speak of the particular Forms of Buds, 



A. Buds developing in uninterrupted vegetation. Thexe may also 

 be termed open buds, because they seldom or never exhibit a closed 

 form, since in those the leaves are gradually developed to the perfect 

 form and size, from the perfect rudiments contained in the bud. V.-i. 

 in these buds the foliation is always such, that the youngest and ten- 

 dereet parts are defended from the influence of the atmosphere, and 

 almost wholly inclosed. 



A Buds with vegetation dormant for a certain lime. 

 1. Buds of Shoot*. 



a. Terminal and axillary buds of perennial plants, with periodically 

 dormant vegetation. Of these we are only intimately acquainted with 

 the native trees of our woods and forests. It is characteristic of these, 

 that the young leaves, which subsequently come to porfectiou in the 

 more developed axix, are enveloped whilnt in the bud by stipules, 

 which soon after the development of their leaf fall away (stipuhu 



