Ill 



LEUNEAD^E. 



I UMtrjaw. lor a abort period, or their head may b. *en 

 to move Meanly te different direction* for a little time and then 



dssnlar phenomenon that nobody *l*e had befon noticed. When 



an individual, it quirted, he say*, "from the vent a 

 stream of fluid to the distance of a foot and a half, and 

 Uu* it repeated errcral time* one after another." 



That part of the history of the Lfrmeoda which i* connected with 

 their Mxual naittoa* and propagation b (till involved in much 

 iioaauiiij ; bat UM detail* w* have received from Nordmann and 

 Kroyer with regard to UM male* an no leu singular than many of 

 UM other curiou* part* of the history of these animal*. Ily some of 

 UM earlier observer* it wa* supposed that those individuals which had 

 not oriferuu* tab** won male*, while other* imagined that they were 

 tMrmanhroditea. Neither of these opinion* however will stand the 

 to** of inquiry. The ovaries of the female, after the eggs have 

 attained maturity, bunt and disappear, and thus, as Kroyer observe*, 



UM Ltntnt which to-day waa considered a female to-morrow might 

 be regarded a* a male." In the course of investigating different species 

 of Ltnradir Nordmann discovered, in several instance*, small bodies 

 adhering to UM generative organ* of the female*, which on closer 

 laepertinn proved to be animals that differed very much in appearance 

 from the female, and, on the contrary, bore considerable resemblance 

 to the young in *" firrt ** f their development These, he 



d, wen the male*, and though, Uurmeister ha* thrown great 

 a* to the entire accuracy of Nordmann'a observations, his 

 i aa to the bet of these animals being male* are borne out 

 by Kroyer and other*. It i* probable, a* Nordmann remarks, " that 

 the rnels*) and female* an mixed together when they come out of the 

 egg*, bat that they develop* themselves differently at the last change 

 oFskin." They continue to show uniformity in regard to the form 

 of UM head, and the form and situation of the part* connected with 

 it, bat they want the apparatus for attaching themselves which the 

 females poeaeea, having instead two pain of strong hooked feet They 

 differ constantly in the form of the other part* of the body, and show 

 a remarkable diversity from the female with respect to size, being 

 very much smaller. These males bear a strong resemblance to each 

 other, even in different genera, in which the females are very unlike. 

 Thi* bet and the preceding, namely, the great difference of sue, have 

 been considered by Burmeister a* strong objections to the truth of 

 Nordmann'* conclusions. It i* true many experiments and careful 

 Mrtnminel investigations an still wanting to establish conclusively 

 UM Caeta stated by Nordmann, but still the observations made by 

 him upon one or two genera leave little room to doubt the truth of 

 UM opinion, a* regard* these individual* at least. Kroyer considers 

 that the Ltntmatt an at a very early age capable of breeding, though 

 H i* not yet known at what stage of development exactly they become 

 so. Certain it is we see, in small specimen* of some of these animals, 

 mall ovaries and a few egg* contained in them, whilst a* the female* 

 i in ate* the ovaries become larger and the egg* mon numerous. 

 affirms that the Ltmeada only propagate once, and the 

 ovary oonunoo* to increase in die, and the eggs to increase in number, 

 till they become mature, and that then the parent Lernta baa played 

 her part Kroyer doubt* this ; and the opposite opinion hold* better 

 with the analogy of the other Entomoetraoou* Crutlac(a. But upon 

 this point direct experiment* an wanting. 



M. Milne-Edward* divide* the Lenuada into three families, charac- 

 terieed by the manner in which these pumaite* attach themselves to 

 weir prey. SOON ft* themselves by mean* of gnat brachiform append- 

 age*, muted together toward* the end, and terminated by a horny 

 median booton. Other* adhere by th, ir jaw-feet, which an armed with 

 Trnretrong book* Others again attach themselves by the whole head, 

 which I* famished for this purpoeo with horny prolongations of 

 form*. The Ant correspond to the Lerneopoda of M. do 

 > and an d**%nted a* Lerneopodian* ; the second have the 

 1 i for their type, and form M. Milne- Edward's 



-; and the third he denominates Lerneoceriaus, 



the gnu* Lfrmttarm belongs to that family, and the name 



With regard to the ettablUh 



r">r~ "" " iw ntjmra *o UM *euKMMn- 

 * ""; < U**k'i UM characters of species, he can only, 

 M observes, refer, in UM greater number of instance*, to the mode of 

 "' *' "- fcwd; for the male* an nearly entirely unknown 

 ipUo**, the female, an des 



CbondracanUiUn*. 



Ti? *""!? < * 00 4"~ nUlillI ttwwdwa upon their prey by the 

 w - f " t lMwUd "* ^ ' nteriOT "tnrnfty of 

 qt Th * *<***<> *PPndage. do not serve 

 us*, and have UM form of ordinarily two-oared feet of 



' r. < no 



. i* in general tolerably distinct from the thorax, 



iyalway* oairU* a pair of antenna and two pain of unciform 

 Imtfenr llks j*w bet On UM side* of the mouth may ) ordinarily 

 _T ^i^ ^* "PP******, wblch reprnent the second pair of 

 et, and whkh an soaMtimr* anchor like, limiUr to the others, 



"S^XL^^y*?*- T] " m<mUl u *>* aitoated Tr> 

 tar Uhbd UM MUtior jawft, and U armed with -najl appd^ 



representing the mandible*. The number and disposition of the 

 appendage* corresponding to the thoracic feet vary ; sometime* two 

 pain only are to b* counted, sometimes three, and even four. The 

 oviferou* tube* spring from the posterior edge of the body, so that 

 the abdomen is rudimentary, and i* only represented by one or two 

 small median tubercle*. The male is often found attached under the 

 anus of the female : he i* extremely small, and doe* not resemble her 

 in the least, but diffen little from the males of the succeeding 

 family. (Milne-Edwards.) 



Oenera, Selitu, Litton, Clarella, Cycntu, TWca, Pcnitului, Lena*- 

 throput, Ckotulracanthut. 



Stlitu consists of but one specie* (5. 2>i/ofou), found on the braticliho 

 of the dotted Polynoe ; nor does JROvm comprise more, conainting 

 only of yfi. quadrattu, found on a Serranut, and about a lino in length. 

 C'lavtila has two specie* C. Jfippoylotti, found on the Holibut, and 

 C. Scan. Cycnta has only one species (C. gracttii), found on the 

 branchial of a cod-fish ; and this is the cose with 7'ncca, which has 

 only one (T. imprattu), found on Diodon Hyttrix, Peniculta has but 

 one (P. Putula), found on Zeui Aptr. LernanUuvpui consists of two 

 species, separated by M. Milne-Edwards into two section* L. ;>u;>, 

 found on a Brazilian Plata*, and L. paradoxut, found on the Mullet*. 

 M. Milne-Edwards remarks that L. Ifuica, (De Blainville), found on B 

 Diodon from Manilla, belongs to his first section. 



Chondracanthiu U separated by M. Milne-Edwards into two sections, 

 with sub-divisions, and contains seven specie*: C. cornultu, found on 

 several flat-fish (Pleuronectet) ; C. craaitornu, found on a wrasse; 

 O. Solete, found on soles ; C. Trigla; found on gurnards ; C. Merlvcci 

 (from which the C. Xiphite of Cuvier does not appear to M. Milne- 

 Kdwards to differ, and to which he thinks Lerruea radiata of Miiller, 

 found in the buccal cavity of Coryphctna rupatrii, appears to bo 

 very close) ; C. Zti ; and C. Ddarochiana, the last found upou the 

 Tunny. 



Chondraranthut carnal ut. 



a, female, magnified after Nordmann j 6, male seen in profile, find more highly 

 magnified ; r, the same >ecn from below ; rf, brad of the female seen from below ; 

 t, moutb still more highly magnified. 



Lcrneopodians. 



In the females of this group the head is formed nearly as in the 

 ChondracanthianR, that is to say, distinct from the thorax, furnished 

 with a pair of antennae, and armed with two pairs of anchor-like jaw- 

 feet ; but the anterior jaw-feet are less proper for serving those small 

 Crustaceans for attaching themselves to their prey, and the thorax, 

 which carries neither feet nor fleshy appendages similar to those 

 which represent the two fint pairs of thoracic members in the pre- 

 ceding division, give origin to n pair of very large brachiform pro- 

 longations, which unite together, sometime* at their base, sometimes 

 towards their extremity only, and terminate by a horny button, by 

 the aid of which the parasite strongly adheres to the animal on which 

 it ha* established it* dwelling. These organs of adhesion appear to 

 replace the fint pair of thoracic limbs. 



The male of only a small number of Lcrneopodians ia known, and 

 where known diffen extremely from the female. He has the body 

 divided into two very distinct parts ; one anterior, the cephalic, which 

 carries the antenntc, a pair of anterior unciform jaw-feet, the sucker, 

 and, farther bock, two pain of well-developed appendages, which 

 represent the posterior jaw-feet and the arm* of the female, but 

 which have the form of *tout hands carried on a cylindrical peduncle, 

 and terminated by a small ill-formed pincer. The young undergo the 

 ordinary metamorphoses. (Milne-lvlwards.) 



There an six genera -.Batanuta, Achlhcrci, Brachidla, Troche- 

 liattti, Lerneo/mda, and Anchorrlla. 



Bataniita comprises two specie* : B. Ifachonu, found on the gill- 

 cover of the Hiidicu (No/mo Jfucho), and B. lalmonca, found on the 

 Grayling. M. Milue-Kdward* states that Lerncopoda Brongniartii 

 (De Blainville) belongs to this genus. 



Achthtra consist* of but one species (A. Percarum), found on the 

 fins of the river Perch and of the Sandra. Length about two lines. 



BrackitUa comprise* five specie*, distributed into two sections, with 

 ulnlivisions : B. Tkynni (length about ten lines, of male about half 

 a line), found on the gills of the Tunny ; B. inpadica (length about 

 four line*, of male about a third of a line), found on the gUls of the 



