I ' 



L1R1NIA. 



LICIIKXS. 



I.M 



IU analysis by 



287 



jrrsTity 3-0. It i* found at Ubethen in Hungary. 



Phosphoric Acid 



Oxide of Copper ...... 



Water . ...... 7-4 



- 100 



I.iniXIA (LU!b). a (mnu of Brachyurous CruHaeta. [MAUD*] 



L1CHAXOTTS (llliger), a geniu of Cheiropeds, or Quatlmmana 

 (hJri of Lacepede, Oeoffroy, and others), belonging to the family 

 Ltmurida. 



The Indris are inhabitants of Madagf^"", and two species only 

 MWH generally reoognUed, namely, 7</ri fcrruraiula/iu of Oeoffroy, 

 OMT /M<rt of Qmelin ; and /. lungwaudaltu of Oeoffroy, L. laniger 

 of Qmelin, I. lawyer of Fischer. Cuvier indeed recognises but one 

 species, namely, that firrt abore named, and says in a note that the 

 other require* consideration (" a besoin d'etre revu "). 



Dr. Fischer adopU both under the names of /. bmicaudattu (Geoff.) 

 and /. laniytr, marking however the latter as doubtful. 



If . Lceson, in hi* Manuel,' also gives both species under the generic 

 name of Indri (Laofpede), and the speci&c names of /. brericatulaiiu 

 Geoff (L'lndri, Sonnerat), and /. lonyicaiulatu*, Geoff. (Le Maki 

 Faure, Buffou ; Le Maki a Bourre, Sonnerat) ; with the following 



dental formula : Incisor*, i ; canines, \it molars, - = 32 ; 



4 11 65 



the same number recorded for both species by Fischer. M. Temminck 

 (' Mammalogie ') notices only one species. 



Dr. Gray place* l.iclunottu and Indrit in his sub-family Lichanotina, 

 between Lrmxn*a and Loridina, in his third family Lemurida, which 

 is the first in his second or Quadrupedoid section of his order Primate*. 

 ('Annals of Philosophy,' 1825.) 



Mr. Swainson confines the generic term Imlrii (Lacopede) to the 

 Lemur laniytr of Gmelin, and that of Lichanotu* to the Lemur Indri 

 (OmeUn). To both Mr. Swainson assigns the same number of incisors 



and grinders as that abore stated ; but he give* canine teeth 



to Liekamotvi only. He places these two genera between Lemur 

 (Linn.) and fault* (Sw.), in the fatuity Ltmurid(r. ('Classification of 

 Quadrupeds,' 1885.) 



M. Oeoffroy (' Magaz. Encyclopddique ') observes that there are four 

 cutting teeth in the upper jaw, not two, as mentioned by Sonnerat. 



F. Cuvier states that the dental system of Indri is only known 

 to him from the extremity of the jaws, which offers in the upper jaw 

 incisors like those of the Red I/emur, a canine tooth very much curved 

 and entirely like two false molars which are found immediately next 

 to it, and which have only a single point; in the lower jaw two 

 incisors only, the first very narrow, and the second wider, but both 

 coached forwards (" oouehees en avant "), like those of the Makis or 

 Tme Lemurs, the canine small, and resembling a false molar which 

 fullows it, which has only a single point, and which is much wider 

 before than behind, thickening from the external to the internal edge. 



The figures and descriptions of these two species are given by 

 Sonnerat in bis '.Second Voyage,' and seem to be the source whence 

 the subsequent accounts have been principally taken. 







Hack or Tslllrw Indri. 



The fin*, noticed by Pennant as the Indri (under the title Msiicauoo), 

 is described as a large animal 8| feet high, entirely black, except on 

 the face, which is graTUh. on the lower part of the abdomen, where 

 a grayish cast prevail*, and en the rump, which is white. The face is 

 stated to be of a lengthened dog-like form, the ran rather short but 



-i tufted, the bur or fur silky and thick, curly in some parU The 



nails are said to be flat but pointed, and there is no appearance of a 

 tail. Lake most other Ltmurida it is a native of Madagascar. 



The animal is described as gentle and docile, and as being trained 

 when young for the chase, as dogs are. Its note is stated to resemble 

 a child's crying, whence not improbably its Madagascar name Indri, 

 which is said to signify Man of the Wood. 



The other species, Flooky Lemur of Shaw, is stated to be 1 foot 

 9 inches from nose to end of tail, the tail being 9 inches. The colour 

 pale yellowish ferruginous above, and white beneath ; the tail bright 

 ferruginous. The fur extremely soft, and curled deepest about the 

 loins. Face black ; eyes large and greenUh-gray. The animal U 

 described as having two fore-teeth in the upper jaw and four in the 

 lower, and pentadactyle feet, with long claws, except the thumbs, 

 which are furnished with rounded nail*. 



Dr. Shaw observes that Pennant, in the last edition of his ' History 

 of Quadrupeds,' seems to think this animal no other than the Lemur 

 ilongooi, or Woolly Maucauco ; but the Doctor adds, that if Sonnerat's 

 description be just, the species must certainly be a different one from 

 L. Monyooz. 



Flock? Indri. 



Dr. Shaw is of opinion that Le Petit Maki* Oris (Buflon, ' Supp.,' 

 torn. vii. p. 121, pi. 34) and the Autre Espece de Maki (Buff., ' Supp.,' 

 torn. vii. p. 123, i. 35) are smaller varieties of the Flocky Lemur; but 

 this view does not seem to be adopted by the more modern zoologists. 

 Skeletons and skins of the Indris would be an acquisition to our 

 museums, and would clear up doubtful points. | LKM run >.:.] 



LICHAS, Dalmau's name for a group of Trilohitet, forming a division 

 of the great genus Ataphui of Bronguiart. [TRILOBITES.T 



LICHEN ISLANDICUS. [CETRARIA.] 



LH'HKNIN, a peculiar vegetable product, sometimes culled Lichen 

 Starch. It is obtained from the Cclraiia Itlandita, the Iceland Moan, 

 which is to be cut small and infused in eighteen times its quantity of 

 cold water, in which about a quarter of an ounce of carbonate of 

 potash is dissolved for every pound of the liverwort employed. 

 After remaining twenty-four hours the infusion is drained from 

 the liverwort without pressure : it is then to be repeatedly washed 

 with cold water, and afterwards boiled in nine times its weight of 

 water duwn to six; the decoction is strained and the liverwort squeezed 

 while hot; a gelatinous white substance is soon formed, which, after 

 being dried gently on cloth, becomes of a dark colour and hard. Being 

 rcdissolvcd in boiling water and again strained, it gelatinises. 



When pure it in white, and it retains water; but on drying it 

 becomes yellowish. In thin plates it is transparent. It is tough, 

 tasteless, nearly inodorous, swells up when put into cold water, but 

 dissolves sparingly in it. With hot water a gelatinous solution is 

 obtained, which U decomposed, nnd yields a precipitate with dt-ace.tato 

 of load, and with solution of iodine gives either a dingy green colour, 

 or, as i stated by some authors, a blue one, as starch does. 



LICH KXOTOKA. The Fossils ranked under this title by Dcfranco 

 are thought by Do Blainville to be young Rclepora. (' Actinologic,' 

 p. 407.) 



LI'CHENS, or LIVERWORTS, a large and important natural order 

 of imperfectly organised Plants, belonging to the class Cryployamia, 

 The species are numerous, and are employed in the arts an pigments, 

 and as articles of food. It U principally in the former respect that 

 they are of economical interest, in consequence of the great consump- 

 tion of Orchall, or Archil [ARCHIL, in ARTS AND So. Div.l, Cudbear 

 (Uciilea tartarta), aud others by the dyer; the estimated value of 

 the annual imports of these plants being from 60,0002. to 80,000/. 

 [CtjpnKAR, in Ants AKD Sc. Div.] 



Lichens are perennial plants, requiring free access to light and air, 

 of the most simple organisation, forming irregular patches upon the 

 surface of stones, trees, the earth, and other bodies. Their structure 



