'II 



LIOUU3. 



LILIACEiE. 



L. tpieatmm hu clliplk) acute leave*, hairy beneath, a* well u the 

 bnnchbU Flower* crowded, almost seeule, spicate, disposed in a 

 taynr, baring the axil very hairy, and minute bractea*. It is an 

 ere^ieeii shrub, nalire of Nepaul, on mountains, growing from 6 to 

 8 feet in height. 



AU UM species of Privet an of easy culture, and will grow in any 

 kind of soil. Cutting* root without difficulty. L. lucidttm requires 

 am* protection in the winter. 



(Don, ItieUamyJtoui PtaUt; lUbington, Manual of BrilM Botany; 

 Fne*, fyttopti. Flora Clattiea; Loudon, Encyc.of Trttt and Skrubt.) 



LI'UUUS, De liontford, a genus of terrestrial Testaceous Molliuca 

 belonging to the family Htlicidcr. Dr. J. E. Gray (' ZooL Proc.,' 1 834) 

 iWaiiline a specie* from Africa (L. tenuii), and observes that in shape 

 it U most like to the young of lldlr jtammiyera of Fcrussac, but 

 difftm in colour, iu tenuity, and in the shape of the front of the 

 pillar-lip. 



ULAC. [STH1XGA.] 



LI M A'CK.K. Litytcortt, an important natural order of Endogenous 

 Plant*, containing many of the most beautiful of that class of the 

 vegetable kingdom. A Urge proportion, especially of those of cold 

 countries, consist* of bulbous plant*, producing annually a stem which 

 ! after having produced its leave* and flowers ; others have an 

 duration with perennial fleshy root* ; and a few acquire, in 

 i countries, a stem of very considerable size, as the Dragon-Tree 

 (Dractna Draco), of which there is an ancient specimen in Tenerifl'e 

 with a stem many feet in diameter. 



The flowers of Liliaceous Plants are generally large and showy, 

 especially in those with annual' sterna, as the Lily itself, the Fritillary, 

 Hyacinth, Star of Bethlehem, ic. ; but when they acquire an arborescent 

 tern the cue of the flowers contracts, so that the largest trees among 

 them have the smallest flowers. Their leaves are always quite simple 

 and undivided, and usually have the veins of the leaves running 

 straight from the base to the apex; but in some Dractonas they 

 diverge from the midrib to the margin, as in the Plantain. Among 

 other Endogens they are readily known by having a flower of 6 

 coloured pieces, 6 stamens with the anthers opening inwards, and a 

 superior 3-celled ovary changing to a 3-cellcd fruit. 



: 



I 



TulifO Ifhttllit. 



I. aucitfttd Tk* of the >umn sod pixll ; J, the pUUl ; 3, a tnuuTerae 

 RUM of ripe fruit, .bo.log Ut nil* cod md*. 



Tbis ordtr is divided into several section-, of which Dr. Lindley 

 gives the following account in bis Vegetable Kingdom :' 



Tmltpta an the L ilia of Junsieu, and they may be justly regarded 

 M the type of the order of Lilie*. Bulbs : annual sterna little or not 



at all branched ; flowers usually large and gaily coloured, without 

 membranous spathes, but axillary to leaves but little changed, the 

 calyx and corolla and their parts scarcely united, although often 

 arranged in a tube ; anthers swinging lightly by the fine-drawn i>oint 

 of a stiff filament ; and finally a dry seed-vessel separate the group 

 from all that follow. They are amongst the gayest of our garden 

 flowers, as Tulips, Fritillaries, and Dog s-Tooth Violets testify. One 

 of them, the Lilian chalcidonicum, a plant that covers the plains of 

 Syria with ita scarlet flowers, is most memorable from having been 

 selected by our Saviour as the subject of allusion in his Sermon on 

 the Mount. 



The HemerocaUttt, or Day-Lilies, differ from the lost in nothing 

 except their calyx and corolla being so joined to each other as to form 

 a tube of conspicuous length, and in their want of a bulb in many 

 instances. The Ayapanthu* and the fragrant Tuberose are the more 

 remarkable among them ; but Funlcia, Jiemerocallu, Blandfordia, and 

 the Veltheimias and Tritomas, are also species of familiar occurrence. 

 Phoi-mium, which yields the celebrated flax of New Zealand, with its 

 bard perennial leaves and panicles of yellow flowers, must be con- 

 sidered to connect the present division with that of Aloes. There is 

 so little to separate Atoinetr, or Aloes, from the Day-Lilies, that 

 scarcely anything can be named except their succulent foliage, nnd 

 even that disappears in Yucca, which has the hard leaves of Phormium, 

 with which however its distinct sepals and petals forbid its being 

 associated. 



With the Scillea, or Squills, we reach a division of the order 

 abounding in beautiful species, all of which are bulbous, with annual 

 stems. Their peculiarity consists in tha anthers not being so lightly 

 attached to the filaments as in Tvlipetf, and in the leaves from whoso 

 axils the flowers proceed acquiring a membranous condition. 



Conant/iet-ete are Squills with the ovary partially adhering to the 

 calyx and corolla, and springing from tubers, not bulbs. They offer 

 a direct transition to Atnoryllids. 



Anthcricea, or Asphodels, agree with the lost iu having tubers or 

 fleshy fascicled roots, and not bulbs, but their ovary is free ; they ore 

 therefore tuberous fibrous-rooted Squills. CArysobactron, a genus 

 gathered by Dr. Joseph Hooker in Auckland and Campbell's Islands, 

 is described as dioecious, but apparently is polygamous. The fruit 

 in these three last orders is a capsule. 



Aphyllanthtte are plants with the habit of Rushes, and the bracts 

 so membranous and closely imbricated as to give the appearance of 

 Xyrids when the flowers are past. They seem to form a connection 

 between Lilies and some plants of the Juncal or Xyridol Alliances. 

 The genera have been very insufficiently examined. Xanthorrbxas, 

 called Grass-Trees in Australia, are very different in habit from the 

 remainder : their shrubby stems, which emulate small palm-trees in 

 appearance, bear tufte of long wiry foliage at their extremities, from 

 the midst of which rise very long cylindrical spikes of densely- 

 compacted flowers, resembling Bullrushes. [TYPHA.] 



Atparayece are Lilies with a succulent fruit. They consist of plants 

 extremely dissimilar in appearance, the Common Asparagus and the 

 Lily of the Valley being associated under this title. In general their 

 leaves are brood; in the genus Cordyline they even acquire the 

 expanded form and diverging veins of the Auiomal Alliance : their 

 stems, although among the dwarfest that the Lilies comprehend, are 

 in the Common Asparagus branched and of considerable size, and in 

 the Dragon-Trees they acquire the dimensions and age of large trees. 

 A tendency to the reparation of sexes occurs here on the part of the 

 genus Jtuicut, but it is not carried so far as to constitute a diclinous 

 structure. 



With respect to AtpidUtna, concerning whose structure we have 

 very insufficient information, they are principally known by a Inrgo 

 mushroom-shaped stigma. Their foliage is that of Zinyiberacex. 

 Their flowers are dingy purple or green, with a cauipanulate perianth, 

 on whose sides the stamens are inserted. In many respects they are 

 very like Orontiacca, to which perhaps they ought to be referred. 



In like manner the Ojikiopogoneft, or Teat-Worts, have a foliage 

 hardly belonging to Lilies, Pdiotanlhet Teta resembling a Qinger more 

 than a plant of this order. They are remarkable for their seeds 

 bursting through the sides of the ovary at a very early period, growing 

 freely though exposed to air, and finally acquiring the succulent 

 appearance of a tuber. It is very uucertian whether they have any 

 claims to the rank of Lilies. 



The geographical limits of this order are as wide a* its differences 

 of structure. Upon the whole however the species are much more 

 abundant in temperate climates than in the tropics, where they chiefly 

 exist in an arborescent state. Aloes are mostly found in the southern 

 parts of Africa; one species is a native of the West Indies, and two 

 or three more of Arabia and the East. Dractcnos, the most gigantic 

 of the order, attain their largest size in the Canaries; a I>. Draco 

 there is described as being between 70 and 75 feet high, 464 feet in 

 circumference at the base, and was known to have been a very ancient 

 tree in the year 1804. The northern flora comprehends for the most 

 part plants of the genera SciUa, Hyaeinllau, A Ilium, and Ornit/io- 

 yalum. In the East Indies LilyworU ore rare; in Australia they 

 form a distinctly-marked feature of the vegetation ; and in New 

 Zealand they are represented by the Phormium, or Flax-Bush. A 

 very considerable number are employed for useful purposes. Among 



