LIMN.EAD.K. 



LIMITLDS. 



It U found in the fresh sluggish or stagnant water* of England, 



L. mrieulari*. TbU U 7/r/^r onrirWuriu, I.iun. J 

 J*/icW<i, MulL ; /?<iwiu a*Hcn2aniu, Brug. Shell ampulUceou*, 

 TeotricoM, onto, thin, tnuuparent, of a horn; colour, marked with 

 wry delicate close-eet longitudinal itruo; the ipire very short aud 



It occur* in the tame place* with L. ttaynalis. 



Limnita aurieularia. 



The following U a lilt of Bri tilth species of Limnaada from Forb.V 

 and Hanley 1 * ' British Mollusca :' 



Pkyta : Linnttu* : 



P. foxlinalit. L. pereger. 



P. AyjuiontM. L. auricuJari tu. 



Plauorbit : L. BunuUi. 



P. forntuf. L. ilaynala. 



P. alttu. L. IrunctUatiu. 



P. gtaber. L. glaber. 



P. ntaUilta. L. paluttra. 



P. cartxalm. L. ylutinonu. 



P. maryutat*!. L. inrolutu*. 



P.tortsr. Ancyliu: 



P. Spirmbit. A. jturialilit. 



P. contort tu. A. oblonytu. 



P. niliilut. 



P. lactutrii. 



Fouil Limnaada;. 



Planoriii. M. De Blaiuville ('Ualacologie') mention* the number 

 of foaiil specie* a* four or five, adding that Defiance, who increases 

 the number to eighteen, acknowledge* that the fossil state of some of 

 them U doubtful ; he notice* four a* analogue*. Mr. O. B. Sowerby 

 ('Genera') *UU> that sever*! fossil specie* abound in the distinctly 

 freah-water trata of the Isle of Wight and the neighbourhood of 

 Parv, where they are Terr abundant, and accompanied by as great 

 a profusion of Ltmnatt and some other decidedly fresh-water shell*. 



Lamarck record* only three fossil specie*, nor doe* he mark any of 

 the recent ipeciw a* occurring in a fossil state, H. Deahaye*, who in 

 hi* Table* (Lyell) makes the number of specie* 23 living and 26 fossil 

 (tertiary), record* in the same place the Planorlu rorneiu, P. margina- 

 Itu, P. carinaliu, P. tfiirorbit, and /'. nititliu as both living and fossil 

 (tertiary). We cannot find P. Marginalia in Lamarck's first edition 

 nor in that edited by II. Deahayes (torn, viil) in 1838, except a* a 

 synonym to P. eomflamaltu. In thi* last work the following recent 

 ncie* an marked by M. Deahaye* a* occurring in a fossil state : 

 P. conwtt, P. ipirorfru, P. rortex, P. contortui, P. nitidut, P. compta~ 

 MJU, and !**fo*oma, on the authority of M. Bouillet; and the 

 number of foasfl species is made to amount to nine. Dr. Kitton, in his 

 Stratigraphkal and Local Distribution of Fossils,' in the strata below 

 th* chalk, notice* an indistinct specie* of Planorbii (Purbeck, Oxford- 

 shire and Buck*). 



U M. De Blainville, in his ' Malacologie/ state* that it would 

 that no Phyxr had at the time of hi* publication been found 

 If. Deahaye* In hi* Table* (Lyell) give* the number of apecie* 

 a* nine living and one fostil (tertiary) : in the last edition of Lamarck 

 the number of recent specie* given U ten ; but the number of fossil 

 vpeeie* b the earne a* that stated in the Table*. 



Limmaa.*. de Blainville (' Malacologie') remark* that if it were 

 clear that the specie* of thi* genus established by geologists, and 

 among others by Mesa*. Lamarck, Brard, Brongniart, Sowerby, and 

 De Feruasac were true, there would be at least twenty fossil species in 

 France alone; but he adds that 1L Defiance doe* not carry the number 

 further than ten, two of which (from the PUisantin) are analogue* 

 according to Brooch L Mr. O. B. Sowerby, who unite* the genera Phyta 

 and JUamaa, observe* (' Genera') that several fossil specie* of this 

 MM* occur abundantly in company with various Paludina and 

 I'lamorla in the fresh-water formations ; the**, he adds, occur in the 

 neighbourhood of Paris, and in the upper and lower of these forma- 

 tions at Headen Hill, and in other part* of the I tie of Wight. He 

 also found them sparingly " in the mixed stratum commonly called 

 the Upper Marine Formation, between the two," but he believe* that 

 they do not occur in any other. Lamarck noticed but one specie* as 

 fossil, namely, l.tn*ita paltutru, thi* being in hi* opinion really the 

 analogue of the recent specie* of that name. M. Deahaye* hi hi* 

 Table* (Lyell) five* the number of Limncea a* fifteen living and twenty- 



seven fossil (tertiary), and the species L. jxrtgra, L. auritularu, 

 L. rivalii, and L. jialuitru a* both living and fossil (tertiary). In the 

 last edition of Lamarck the following recent species are marked by 

 him as also occurring in a fossil state : L.paltutrit, L. orata, L. peregra, 

 and L. minata. L. auricnlttrta is not marked a* fossil in this edition, 

 and we do not find L. riralu a* a species in either. The number of 

 strictly fossil specie* recorded in the last edition of Lamarck is eleven, 

 and in that edition M. Deahaye* remark* that a sufficiently great 

 number of Limtunc are found in a fossil state, but that up to the time 

 when he wrote no species was recorded in the bed* below the tertiary, 

 and even in these the Limtuta only appear in the lower freah-water 

 strata. They show themitelve*, he adds, in the upper beds of the Paris 

 Calcaire Grossier, and are also recognised in nearly all the Lacustrine 

 deposits, not only of the Parisian epoch, but also in the two great 

 tertiary groups that surmount it Dr. Fittou, in the table above 

 quoted, record* a Limncca (with a note of interrogation) as occurring 

 in the Purbeck strata, Oxfordshire, in the malm, Oarsington. 



Dr. Lea, in hU 'Contributions to Geology' (Svo. Philadelphia, 

 1838), notices the tufaceous lacustrine formation of Syracuse, Onandaga 

 county, New York. He found the substratum which lined the side 

 of the canal to consist of a calcareous marl of a whitish colour, bor- 

 dering on that of ashes, friable, and rather soft to the touch. A 

 subsequent analysis by Professor Yanuxem proved it to be nearly pure 

 carbonate of lime. Numerous perfect specimens of the genera Limnaa, 

 Phyia, Paludina, and Ancyliu were obtained, all being analogous to 

 the species inhabiting at that time the fresh-waters of that region; 

 and Dr. Lea states that it was evident that the deposit was caused by 

 the drainage of the lake. The specimens were found to be com- 

 pletely bleached, and were generally in an unbroken state. "A 

 lacustrine formation of so recent a nature," says Dr. Lea in continua- 

 tion, " as this appears to be, is not, I believe, of frequent occurrence. 

 It is the result however of one of those causes which are now in 

 action ; and another instance might be mentioned, in which the effect 

 of this cause, though striking, has not advanced to that period when 

 it would make a finished deposit ; I mean the small lake, or pond, in 

 in Sussex county, New Jersey, well known by the descriptive name 

 of Milk Pond. Here countless myriads of bleached shells of the 

 families Lym<eana and Perutomiana, analogous to the species now 

 inhabiting the adjacent waters, line and form the shores of the whole 

 circumference of the lake, to the depth and breadth of many fathoms. 

 Not having visited this interesting lake myself, I repeat what has been 

 communicated to me by intelligent scientific friends who have examined 

 it, and on whose report the most implicit reliance may be placed. 

 Such is the quantity of bleached shells now remaining there, that 

 thousands of tons of these small species, in a state of perfect whiteness, 

 could be obtained if any useful purpose required the removal of them. 

 For agricultural purposes this mass might prove of great utility. One 

 friend, I remember, mentioned to me that he had obtained a sharp 

 pointed pole, which he inserted ten or twelve feet perpendicularly 

 into the mass, on the shore, near to the edge of the water, without its 

 having passed through it As far as can be ascertained, this mass 

 seem* to form the whole basin of the lake, and it may at some- future 

 and perhaps not far distant period form a tufaceous locuxtriue deposit 

 similar to that of Syracuse." 



LIMNORIA. [IfWPODA.] 



LIMO'NIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Aurantiacar, so called from the original Indian names, Neemoo and 

 Leemoo, of the Lemon. Several of those described under this genus 

 by Dr. Roxburgh have been referred to A tulant ia and Gtycosmit. The 

 specie* still included are rather heterogeneous in nature, and will 

 probably require further separation. As most of the family abound 

 in essential oil, so the leaves of some of the Limonia* are fragrant, 

 and the fruit, though small, of L. aciditiima and L. crenulata is very 

 acid. L. laurtola, referred to this genus by Dr. Wallich, in bis 

 ' Plautos Aaiat Kar.' t 245, U remarkable as the only plant of this 

 family found on the tops of cold mountains. The people of the 

 Himalayas, remarking it* highly fragrant leaves, fancy that it in 

 by feeding on them that the musk-deer acquires its strong and 

 peculiar flavour. 



LIMONITE. [IROX.] 



LIMOSA. fScOLorAciDJtl 



LIMPET. [PATKLLID*.] 



LIMPET, FRESH-WATER. [AscTLOs.] 



LIMULUS, a genus of Animal* belonging to the order Cruilacca, 

 and which, on acoount of its anomalous characters, M. Milne-Edwards 

 placed in a family by itself, which he called Xijihuiura. He arranged 

 theee at the end of his system, next to the suctorial Crustaceans. He 

 observe* that the singular animals which compose this small group 

 are so remote from all the other Crustaceans that some naturalists 

 have been inclined to exclude them altogether from that class, and 

 arrange them among the Arachnul(r,nnA that in entirely rejecting this 

 npiniou it become* necessary to isolate them as much as possible, and 

 to form a particular sub-class, which is connected with that of the 

 liranchiopoda and that of ttfe THlobita, but U distinguished from 

 those Crustacean* and all the other animals of the same class by the 

 character of ita organisation. The natural position then of these 

 Xiphosures should, in the opinion of M. Milne-Edwards, have been 

 near the Branchiopodn, but he has preferred the place which he has 



