481 



LOI1KLIA. 



4M 



to join o.l drive them into a narrow pat*, acro-s which cords have 

 bMB drawn about four feet from the ground, with bit* of cloth or 

 wool U*t to them at tmall distance*, tomewbat in the way adopted 

 by gardener* to keep email binl from the teeda. Thi* apparatus 

 wiUi iu prndant trumpery frighten* the animals, and they get toge- 

 ther, when the hunter* kill them with (tone* tied to the end of leathern 

 thong*. If there are any Ouanaooe* among them they leap the cords, 

 and are followed by the Vicuna*. Thoae that we hare teen in cap- 

 tivity hare been tolerably mild and tame, but very capricious, accept- 

 in*; biacuiu and *uch da&eaote* from visitors, but ejecting a copious 

 ahower of aaliva in their foes at the lea*t real or fancied affront. This 

 shower, though sufficiently unpleasant, ha* not, a* far as our expe- 

 rience goea, the acrid and blistering properties ascribed to it by some 

 authors. 



We need not here repeat thon on* to which these animals have 

 been applied by man. Cord* and sacks, a* well as stuffs for ponchos, 

 *c^ are fabricated from the wool, and the establishment* for their 

 manufacture in thi* country employ thousands of artisans. In Mexico 

 the bone* are converted into instrument* for weaving the wool. Nor 

 it even the dung neglected, for it is used as fuel Theae animals seem 

 to have been to the aborigine* what the reindeer (with the exception 

 of the milk) is to the Laplander. Surrounded by herds of such 



which required almost no care, and by the spontaneous pro- 

 > of the toil, the Indian had no incentive to improvement. 

 Humboldt ha* an eloquent pataage on this subject " When we atten- 

 tively -ni~ thi* wild part of America, we seem to be carried back 

 to the first age* when the earth waa peopled step by step ; we appear 

 to assist at the birth of human societies. In the Old World, we 



behold the pastoral life prepare a people of huntsmen for the agricul- 

 tural life. In the New World, we look in vain for these progressive 

 development* of civilisation, these moment* of repose, these resting- 

 place* in the life of a people. . . . Those species of ruminating 

 .nin..l. which constitute the riches of the people of the Old World 

 are wanting in the New. The bioon and the musk-ox have not yet 

 been reduced to the domestic state ; the enormous multiplication of 

 the Llama and the Guanaco have not produced in the natives the habits 

 of the pastoral life." Theae multitudes are already lessened, and the 

 form itself will probably ere long be extinct. Civilisation has brought 

 with it the animal* of the Old Continent. The horse and the mule 

 have almost entirely superseded the Llamas a* beast* of burden, and 

 the sheep and the goat, in a great measure, as contributors to the food 

 and raiment of man. 

 The White Llama, according to Feuillde, is said to have been the 



m, deity of the native* oi Callao, before that province was 



I to the empire of the Yncas. 





iHP 





' . . , ^ 



\Oblsk # 



~'-3&-4&S!L 



- 



Wall* LUaa, eikibilcd ui LugUuJ. 



The similarity to the Camel appear* to have struck every writer 

 who ha* treated of the Llama. 



Lnnsrus place* the genii* Camflta at the head of hi* Ptcora, and 

 make* (,/ama and Pact* specis*) of that genus. Catr.dm it followed 



Pennant also arranges the Llama and Pacos, &c. under his genus 

 C'umef, which is placed between the Musk and the Hog. 



Gmelin retains the Linntean arrangement, adding three (so called) 

 species to those recorded by LJnnnu*. 



Cuvier place* the great genus Camtltu at the head of the Ruminant*, 

 and makes it consist of the Camels properly so called, and the Llamas 

 (Anchmia). Camdtu is followed by .VwrAiu. 



M. Lesson arrange* the Llama* a* the third genus of his Camelees, 

 the two first being Camdta and Mcricothrrium. This third and last 

 genus i* immediately succeeded by the Moschineea. 



Dr. Fischer, following Linnaeus, places Camtltu at the head of the 

 Ptcora ; that genus is followed by Lama, and Lama by Motchut. 



Mr. Ogilby (1836) gives the Candida as the first family of the 

 order llauiinantia, with the following characters : 



Feet subbisculcate, callous beneath, toes distinct at the tip from 

 the sole ; no spurious hoofs, no horns; incisor teeth, two above, six 

 below. Two genera : 



1. Camtltu, whose characters are : Toes conjoined, immoveable ; 

 muzzle furnished with a chiloma,* the upper lip (labrum) divided ; 

 lachrymal sinuses, none; interdigital pits, none; inguinal follicles, 

 none ; teats, four. 



2. A uchenia. Toes disjoined, moveable ; muzzle furnished with a 

 chiloma, the upper lip divided ; lachrymal sinuses, none ; interdigital 

 pits, none; inguinal follicles, none; teats, two. 



Mr. Ogilby goes on to state that the Camelida form what Mr. 

 M'Leay would call an aberrant group. "They differ essentially," 

 observes the former. " from other Ruminants iu the structure both of 

 the organs of locomotion and of mastication, and their generic dis- 

 tinctions consequently depend upon characters which have no applica- 

 tion to the remaining groups of the order." On the other hand, the 

 principles of generic distribution which subsist among the rest of the 

 Kuminautia appear, in Mr. Ogilby 's opinion, to furnish negative 

 characters only when applied to the Camelidie ; but though neces- 

 sarily expressed negatively, the absence of lachrymal, inguinal, and 

 interdigital sinuses forms, in reality, positive and substantial charac- 

 ters ; and as such should be introduced iuto the definition of these 

 as well as of other genera, in which they unavoidably appear in a 

 negative form. The Camelida, in Mr. Ogilby' s arrangement, are 

 immediately followed by the Cervida. (' ZooL Proc.,' 1836.) 



Dr. Gray makes his sub-family Camtlina, the third of his family 

 HvviJa, consist of Camel us and Lama, He recognise* four species : 

 L. Vicugna, the Vicugna ; L. Guanacat, the Quanaco ; L. glauca, the 

 Llama ; L. Pacot, the Alpaca. 



No fossil species of AucJtenia has yet been discovered; but Mr. 

 Darwin brought home from South America the remains of a most 

 interesting animal nearly allied to the Llamas, which Professor Owen 

 has characterised under the name of M acrauclumia. [MACRAUCHENU.] 

 The cervical vertebra; in this form present the same character in the 

 absence of the holes for the vertebral arteries iu the transverse pro- 

 cesses as in the Llamas and Camels. (Owen.) 



LOACH. [COBITIS.J 



LOADSTONE, a name given to Magnetic Iron-Ore. [IRON; 

 MAGNETISM, in ARTS AND Sc. Div.J 



LOASA'CE/E, Loatadt, a small natural order of Polypetalou* 

 Exogens, consist* of herbaceous and frequently annual plant* covered 

 over with stiff hair* or stings, which produce considerable pain by the 

 wound* they inflict They have alternate lobed leave* without stipules ; 

 large yellow, red, or white flowers; numerous polyadelphous stamens, 

 within which are stationed singular lobed petaloid appendages, and an 

 inferior ovary with parietal placenta}. The fruit is a dry or fleshy 

 capsule, with the valves sometimes twisted spirally. The order is 

 nearly allied to Cucurbitacttr, llomaliacea, and Cattacta ; all the known 

 specie* are American, and the greater part from Chili and Peru. The 

 genera in gardens are Lvaia, Mcnlzdia, and Elumenbachia. It ha* 15 

 genera and 70 specie*. 



LOBELIA, a genu* of Plant* belonging to the natural order Lobe- 

 liaeea. The limb of the calyx is 5-parted ; the corolla irregular and 

 tubular; the tube slit on the upper side, and ventricoae at the base ; 

 the limb bilabiate ; the filament* are lyngenesiou* ; anther* either all 

 bearded or the two lower one* only ; the capsule i* 2-celled, 2-valved, 

 many-ceeded, dehiscing at the apex. 



L. injtntn, Indian Tobacco, i* an annual plant, growing in most dis- 

 trict* of North America. In height it is from 6 inches to 2 or 3 feet 

 The small plant* are nearly simple, the large ones much branched ; 

 the root fibrous; item erect in the full-sized plant, much branched, 

 angular, very hairy ; the corolla is bluish-purple ; the tube prismatic 

 and cleft above ; the segments spreading, acute, the two upper ones 

 lanceolate, the throe lower one* oval The aeeds are numerous, small, 

 oblong, and brown. The leaves are oval and obtuse, and have an 

 undulated and irregularly-toothed margin, rough surface, and slightly 

 pilose below, possessing a taste which gradually becomes acrid and 

 pungent The inflated capsule* possets the same virtue*. 



The action on the human system is nearly the same as that of 

 tobacco when chewed, producing a copious flow of saliva, and if 

 wallowed iu a considerable dose causing great relaxation of all mus- 

 cular structures, including the heart and arteries, accompanied with 



* Tumid upper lip cjntinuous with the now or nostril. 



