65 



MAASTRICHT ROCKS. 



MACACUS. 



566 



flowers are axillary and solitary, with two minute subulate bracts. 

 The calyx teeth are all short, and the stamens are usually six iu 

 number. The flowers are small and of a light purple-colour. The 

 whole plant is glabrous, and is found ill damp places in Great 

 Britain. 



L. Hunleri, Hunter's Purple Loosestrife, is a native of the East 

 Indies. The leaves are opposite, the calyx tubular and 6-lobed, the 



stamens 12, and the style subulate. The petals, 6 in number, are of 

 a very beautiful red-colour, and are used for dyeing iu India. The 

 hardy perennial species of Ly thrum are handsome garden-flowers; 

 they grow in any common soil, and are easily propagated by dividing 

 at tho root. The seeds of the annual kinds require to be sown in 

 moist situations in the spring. 



(Don, Dichlamydcous Plants; Babiugton, Manual of British Botany.) 



M 



AfAASTRICHT ROCKS. Tlie rock of St. Peter's Mountain is 

 " A generally of a granular texture, and to geological observers presents 

 a sort of middle character between Chalk and particular parts of the 

 Calcairo Grossier of the Paris basin. The geological relation thus 

 suggested is confirmed by the organic remains, which, with many 

 points of apeci6c resemblance to the ordinary fossils of the chalk, 

 exhibit likewise some generic relations to the Tertiary series. Accord- 

 ingly, the place in the scale of strata now assigned bycotnmon consent 

 to the Maastricht Rocks is in immediate superposition above the 

 Chalk of England, and at some small interval below the Calcaire 

 Grossier of Paris. It may be considered as an upper part of the 

 Chalk Formation, ind is paralleled by observed cases in the south-west 

 of France. It is principally to Dr. Fittou (' Proceedings of Geol. Soc. 

 of London,' 1829) that English geologists owe the establishment of 

 this important classification. 



St. Peter's Mountain is rich in fossils, some of which lie in flint 

 nodules, and others in the stone. A few years ago the bones of some 

 ruminant quadrupeds were offered for sale at Maastricht, and were 

 described as from this hill, but they did not really belong to the 

 ancient rock. The genuine remains are however very remarkable; 

 in particular the great aquatic reptile, imagined to be a crocodile by 

 Faujas St. Fond, but determined to have other analogies to the Lacer- 

 tiada by Cuvier, who named it Mosasaurus : vertebra of this animal 

 have been found in the chalk of England and Sweden. A very large 

 species of marine turtle (Chdonia) has also been completely examined 

 by Cuvier from this locality. Beautiful teeth of fishes, shells of 

 Xautiti, Baculiteg, Bdemnitet, Hlppuntes, Inocerami, Ottreai, Echinida, 

 TerebraluUx, and Polypiaria may by seen in some of the interesting 

 collections at Maastricht, and go far to prove the truth of the prevalent 

 "pinion, that the strata of St. Peter's Mountain are more allied to 

 the Chalk than to the Calcaire Grossier the newest of the Secondary, 

 rather than the oldest of the Tertiary rocks. 



(Dr. Fitton in Geol. Proceeding! and Transactions ; Meyer, Palmolo- 

 ijica; Von Dechen, Hantlbuch, &e.) 



MACACO. [LEMCRIM.] 



MACA'CUS, a barbarous word founded on the term Macaco (written 

 by the French Macaque), which, according to Cuvier and the author 

 of ' Natural History of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Opossums,' appears for 

 the first time in Marcgrave's ' Natural History of Brazil,' as the native 

 appellation of a kind of monkey found in Congo and along the coasts 

 of the Gulf of Guinea. The author of the ' Natural History of 

 Monkeys,' &c., observes that its application to an Asiatic species, of a 

 genus totally distinct from that to which the animal properly bearing 

 it really belongs, is one of the many similar errors of nomenclature 

 committed by Buffon, at that time indeed unavoidable from the very 

 limited knowledge which naturalists possessed on the subject of 

 specific distinctions, and especially from the confusion which reigned 

 in the geographical part of zoology. 



Laeupede seems to have been the first who Latinised this term, and 

 he was followed by other French zoologists as well as by those of 

 other countries. The Ouanderow or Wauderow appears to be con- 

 sidered the type of the genus, at least it stands at the head of tbe 

 heterogeneous species comprehended under the title. 



Thus Cuvier arranges under the Macaques the following Simiadce : 

 fUlmui, Sinica, 8. radiata, S. cynomolgut and S. cynocephalus, S. 

 Rherut, S. nemettrina, IK. 



Dr. J. E. Gray arranges the genus as the last of his sub-family 

 C'ercopithecina (family llominidte). 



M. Lesson, who makes the characters of the genus consist in a facial 

 angle of from 40 to 45 degrees ; in a very strong development of the 

 (uipraciliary and occipital crests ; the presence of pouches and callosi- 

 ties, and a tail more or less long, gives as its dental formula thnt 

 which is common to so many of the Simiadce, namely : 



Inciaom, ; canines, ; 



4 11 



molars, L_5 = 32 ; 

 55 



and he arranges under it the following species : Silenus, Sinicus, S. 

 carbonariut, S. radiatut, S. cynomolgui, S. Rlierus, S. nemeitrinus, and 

 S. rpeciona. 



Sir William Jardine adopts the genus with the following species : 

 M acacia Silenui, M. Sinicui, M. radiatus, M. cynomolgus, M. Rhesus, 

 M. nrmettrinuf, and M. niger. 



Mr. Swainson, who also adopts the genus, gives the species the 

 Knglish appellation of Ape-Baboons ; and he considers that they nre 



distinguished by an elongated muzzle, as in M. carbonarius, much 

 more prominent than in the Cercocebi, and by a tail more or less 

 lengthened; he is also of opinion that they differ from the Cyano- 

 cephali (Cynocepliali) of Cuvifr, or True Baboons, because their nostrils 

 " open obliquely on the upper part of the muzzle." Mr. Swainson 

 thinks that the form of these animals, nevertheless, shows a strong 

 resemblance to the Cercocebi, which is further increased by their 

 possessing a tail ; although this member is generally so short that it 

 seldom equals a third of the length of the body. The muzzle, he 

 observes, is so much elongated, that the facial angle does not exceed 

 45 degrees, and the canine teeth are strong and large. He further 

 remarks that it deserves attention, that some of the species (as M. 

 Silenus, M. Sinicus, and M. radiatus) are remarkable for having crests, 

 which either assume the form of a mane or of a radiated tuft. Tho 

 Chinese Bonnet-Monkey has the hairs disposed in this manner, while 

 its elongated muzzle, in Mr. Swainson's opinion, is very characteristic 

 of the genus, and he states that the form of these animals separates 

 them widely, from the monkeys : it is, he says, strong and compact, 

 while their disposition is cunning and mistrustful. He concludes by 

 remarking, that the crested species inhabit India, and that the others 

 are African. (' Nat. Hist, and Classification of Quadrupeds.') 



The author of the 'Natural History of Monkeys, Lemurs, and 

 Opossums' rejects, for substantial reasons given in that work, the 

 genus Macacos, and applies the term Baboons, as usually understood 

 j and applied in the English language, to a group of Simice co-ordinate 

 with the Apes and Monkeys, as described by him, distinguished from 

 the Apes by the equality of their members, their cheek-pouches, and 

 ischial callosities ; and 'from the Monkeys by the short robust make 

 of their bodies and extremities, their tubercular tails, too short to 

 execute the functions usually assigned to that organ, and the moun- 

 tain rather than sylvan habitat which this conformation necessarily 

 induces. 



" The most prominent of these traits of structure," continues the 

 author, " the abbreviated or tubercular nature of the tail, is the idea 

 usually attached to the word Baboon, and it is certainly the moat 

 prominent and characteristic attribute of the group ; since, as we have 

 frequently had occasion to observe, the comparative development of 

 this organ, if not the immediate cause, is at all events the most certain 

 index of the habits and economy of these animals :" and he makes 

 the Baboons thus defined comprise two distinct genera, Papio and 

 Cynocephalus, respectively confined, with one or two exceptions, to 

 the continents of Asia and Africa. 



The author then introduces to the reader's notice the genus Papio 

 as the last and lowest of the groups which inhabit the Asiatic con- 

 tinent and the great isknds of the Indian Archipelago, and which 

 appear to occupy in these regions the situation which the Cynocephali 

 fill in Africa. Of the forms placed by the author under this genus 

 the Wanderoo and Gelada (Papio Silenua and P. Gelada) are the only 

 species in which the tail acquires any length : it never readies, he 

 remarks, beyond the houghs, nor is it ever employed to assist the 

 progressive motions of the animals as among the Cercopilheci. These 

 species therefore, he thinks, cannot be separated with any kind of pro- 

 priety from the Papios with tuberculous tails, merely on account of 

 their comparative length; because that organ, though rather more 

 developed in the Wanderoo and Rhesus than in the Magot and Papio 

 niger, is still greatly abbreviated as compared with the tails of the 

 Cercopitheci, and entirely devoid of influence as an element iu the 

 habits and economy of animal life. 



Reverting to the arrangement of the author of the ' Natural History 

 of Monkeys,' &c., we find the Papios divided into two small groups, 

 distinguished by the greater or less length of the tail on the one hand, 

 and its tuberculous form or total absence on the other ; of the latter 

 the well-known Magot, or Barbary Ape, is an example, and the 

 Wanderoo (Macacus Silenus of authors, Papio Silenus of the author 

 of the ' Nat. Hist, of Monkeys ') is an illustration of the former. 



The Wanderoo has its hair deep black throughout, with the exception 

 of the long beard or mane, which descends on each side of the face in 

 the form of a ruff, extending downwards over the chest, and varying 

 from an ash-gray to a pure white. The upper part of the face between 

 the eyes naked and flesh-coloured ; the muzzle perfectly black. Cheek- 

 pouches large, callosities of considerable size, and flesh-coloured. Tail 

 about half as loug as the body, and when perfect, which in captivity 

 is not often the case, terminating in a brush of tufted hairs. (Bennett.) 

 It is the Lion-Tailed Baboon of Pennant. 



