633 



MALACONE. 



MALLEACEA. 



631 



GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA. 



CHITONIDA Chiton. 



PATELLID.E. Patella. Acmcea. Pilidium. Propilidium. 



DENTALiAD.fi. Dentalium. 



CALYPTR.EID.E. Pilcopiis. Calyptrcea. - 



FISSURELLID*. Fissurella. Puncturella. Emarginula. 



HALIOTID.E. Haliotis. 



TROCHID^. Trochut. Phasiandla. Adeoi-bii. Scipurella. 



JANTHIXID.E. Janlhina. 



NERITID.E. Neritina. 



F&L.vmyiDJE.Paladina. Sithuria. Valvata. 



LITTORIXID.S. Liitorina. Lacuna. Assiminea. Ritioa. Jeffreysia. 

 Skenea. 



TURRITELLID.K. Twritella. Coxtim. 



CEHITHIAD.E. Aporrhaia. Cerithium. 



ScALARiADiB. Scolaria. 



PYRAMIDELLID.E. Aclis. Stylifer. Etdima. Chtmnitzia. Odos- 

 tomia. Eulimella. Truncatella. Olina. 



NATICIDJE. Natica. 



VELUTINID.E. Velutina. Lamellaria. 



CANCKLLABIAD.E. Trichotropi*. Cerithiopsie. 



MURICID.E. Mwex. Lachetii. Pwrpura. Nona. Succinum. 

 Faxus. Trophon. 



CONID.E. Mangelia. 



0'YpR.EAD.ffi. Cyprcea. Ovula. Maryindla. 



GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. 



BULLION. Cylicltna. Ampltisphyra. Tornatella. Alcera. Sulla. 

 Scaphander. Philinc. 



APLYSIAD.E. Aplyiia. 



PLEUROBHAXCHID.E. Pleunbranchut. 



DiniiDiD.K. Dori. Goniodorii. Triopa. jEgirut. Thecactra. 

 Polycera. Malta. Avcula. 



TRITOXIAD*. Tritonia. Scyllaa. 



EOLIDID.S. Loi.'onotut. Dendronolui. Doto. Olthona. Eolii. 

 Embletonia. Proctmiotut. Antiopa. Herman. Alderla. Runcina. 

 Limapontia. Acttonia. Cenia. 



GASTEROPODA PPLMONIFERA. 

 ONCIHDL&D.S. Onchidiutn. 

 I, I M ACID. K. -Arion. Geomalacus. Umax. 

 TKSTACELLID.E. Tettacella. 



HKI.KID.E, Vitrina. Zonitet. Helix. Sulimut. Pupa. Balea. 

 Clatunlia. Zita. Azeca. Acltatina. Succinea. 



LIMX.K.UI.K. Phyea. Planorbis. Limnwus. Ancylus. 

 AUIUCULID.E. Conovulut. Carycliinm. 

 CYCLO8TOMID.E. Cfyctortonw. Acme. 



CEPHALOPODA DIBRANCHIATA, 



OCTOPODIT.S. Octoput. Eledonv. 



TEUTHID.E. Sepiola. Jtouia. Loligo. Ommaitrephct. 



SKI'IAD.E. Sepia. 



The organisation of the animals above treated of will be found under 

 the titles CEPHALOPODA, CONCHIFEHA, GASTEROPODA, MOLLUSCA, and 

 many of the families and genera. 



MALACONE. [ZIRCON.] 



MALACOPTERY'GII, according to Cuvier, the second great 

 division, or order, of Osseous Fishes, the species of which are distin- 

 guished by all the rays of the fins being soft and cartilaginous; 

 exhibiting minute articulations and often divided into small fibres ai 

 their extremities. It frequently happens however that the anterior 

 ray of the dorsal or of the pectoral fins is hard and bony, a character 

 observable in nearly all the species of the Siluridce, and in many 

 belonging to other families. 



The greater portion of the fishes of this order have the scales 

 formed of simple lamina; and with smooth margins ; in this respect 

 differing from the species of the Percidce, Scicenidce, &c., in which the 

 edges of the scales are pectinated or serrated. The Pleuronectidce, or 

 Flat-Fishes, however present the latter structure of scale ; and yet 

 according to Cuvier, are placed in the Malacopteryyii. M. Agassiz, on 

 this account removes this group to another section, and he also arranges 

 the SUurtdce in another group, owing to the structure of their scales 



. 



The Malacoptenjyii are divided into three sections. First, thi 

 Abdominalet, in which the ventral fins are situated in the abdomen 

 far behind the pectorals. In the second section (Subbrachiales) the 

 ventral fins are situated immediately beneath the pectorals, and the 

 pelvis i? suspended to the bones of the shoulder. In the third section 

 (Apodet) the ventrals are wanting. 



The section Abdominalet contains the following families:!. Cypri 

 nida;, or fishes allied to the Carp, such as Barbel, Gudgeon, Teuch 

 Bream, Roach, &c. [CrPRlNlD^.j 2. Esocidie, of which the Common 

 Pike may be regarded as the type. [EsociD/K.] 3. Siluridce, a family 

 cf which there are no representatives in this country, at least not we] 

 authenticated. [SiLCRiD/E.] 4. Salmonida;, or fishes of the Salmon 

 Tribe. [SALMONIDA.] 5. Ctupeidas, of which we have familiar exam 

 pies in the Herring, Sprat, Whitebait, Pilchard, Shad, &c. 



The section Subbrachiates contains the families Gadidte (Cod-Fish, 

 laddock, Whiting, Ling, &c.) [GADID.S] ; the Pleuronectidce, or Flat- 

 Tishes, such as the Flounder, Halibut, Sole, &c. [PLEUROXECTID^;] ; the 

 Discoboli, of which family the common Lump-Fish will furnish an 

 sample [DISCOBOLI]; and, finally, the Echeneidida;, containing the 

 pecies of Remora. [ECHENEIS.] 



The third section (Apodes) contains the Eels, Lance-Fishes, &c. 



MALACORHYNCHUS. [DOCKS.] 



MALACO'STRACA (Ma\o/cii<rTpoKa), a term employed by Aristotle 

 ;o designated the Crustacea generally, but confined by Dr. Leach 

 in his arrangement to the second order of the class. 



The Malacostraca of Leach are divided into three tribes : 



1. Brachyuri, including the families Canceridce and Oxyrliyncidte. 



2. Macrouri, including the families Pagurid(e, Palinuridce, Astacidie, 

 and Squillidce. 



3. Gasteruri, including the families Gnathida, Gammaridce, Ooro- 

 phiidce, CaprelUdce, and Apseu'diida. [CRUSTACEA.] 



MALACO'TA, Schumacher's name for a genus of Cirrhipeds, Otion 

 of Leach. [CIRRIPEDIA.] 



MALACOZOA. [MALACOLOGY.] 



MA'LAXIS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Orchidacece, and to the tribe Malaxidece. It has a patent perianth, 

 the lip posterior, erect, entire, similar to the petals and smaller than 

 the sepals ; the spur absent ; the stigma rhomboidal ; the rostellum 

 short, entire, acute ; the anthers terminal, continuous with the short 

 column, out of the apex of which it appears as if it were excavated 

 with two imperfect cells ; the pollen-masses connected at their apex ; 

 the germen upon a twisted stalk. 



Of this genus there is one British representative, 3f. paludosa. It 

 is a small plant, with a stem from one to four inches in height. The 

 leaves are remarkable for being fringed at the end with bulbous 

 gemmae or leaf-buds. It is a native of spongy bogs, where it growj 

 upon the moss, hi the character of an epiphyte, and not amongst it 

 as other bog-plants. 



MALDANIDjE, or Maldanians, the second family of Sedentary 

 Annelids in Lamarck's system, including Clymene and Dentalium, 

 which last is not an Annelid, according to the latest and best autho- 

 rities, but a Mollusc. [DENTALUM.] Savigny established the family. 



MALE FERN. [ASPIDIUM.] 



MALENTOZOA'RIA, Articulated Mollusca, the second sub-type in 

 the system of M. De Blainville. [MALACOLOGY.] 



MALESHERBIA'CEjE, Crownworts, a natural order of Polypetalous 

 Exogenous Plants, with a tubular inflated inferior calyx, within the 

 throat of which are inserted five petals, five or ten stamens, and a 

 short rim or crown of the same nature as that of Passifioracece, but 

 more rudimentary. The ovary is stipitate, superior, 1-celled, with 

 parietal-or free placentation. The order is therefore nearly allied to 

 Passijlorace<z, from which however it differs in habit. The species 

 are in many cases remarkable for the beauty of their yellow or blue 

 flowers, and have been cultivated in this country, their seeds having 

 been brought from Chili. They are however seldom seen, and are of 

 no known use. 



MALLARD. [DUCKS.] 



MALLEA'CEA, or MA'LLEID/E, a family of Monomyariau Con- 

 chifera according to the system of Lamarck, most of the genera of 

 which are to be found in the family Margaritacea of De Blainville. 

 They belong to the Ostracea of Cuvier, and the Oxygones of Latreille. 

 Lamarck makes the family consist of five genera only Crenatula, 

 Pema, Malleus, Avicula, and Meleagrina, It has the following 

 charactv rs : 



Animal, with the mantle non-adherent, entirely open in its whole 

 circumference, without tube or particular opening, prolonged into 

 irregular lobes, especially backwards ; foot canaliculated, and almost 

 always furnished with a byssus. 



Shell black or horn-colour, inequivalve, inequilateral, very irregular ; 

 hinge without teeth ; marginal ligament sublinear, simple, or inter- 

 rupted by ereuulations ; muscular impression subceutral, fixed generally 

 by a byssus furnished by the animal. 



M. Rang places the fossil genus Posidonia at the head of the family, 

 so that the position of that genus is approximated to Lima, which is 

 arranged as the last of the Pectinidce. 



Posidonia (Bronn). Animal unknown. Shell very delicate, nearly 

 membranous, equivalve, inequilateral, oblique, rounded, not gaping (?) ; 

 cardinal border straight, a little prolonged on each side, so as to be 

 auriculated; hinge toothless; no pit for the ligaments; nor passage 

 for a byssus. 



M. Rang remarks that this genus had been established in 1829 

 for impressions sufficiently common in the schists of Dillemburg, 

 and which some naturalists had been tempted to refer to rudi- 

 mentary shells of Aplyiia or Pleurobranchus. M. Rang agrees with 

 M. Bronn is opinion that these are the impressions of bivalve shells, 

 and assigns to Posidonia the position above stated. M. Deshayes 

 however, hi the last edition of Lamarck (1836), does not mention the 

 genus among the Matteacea. 



VuUetta (Lam.). Animal elongated, compressed ; mantle very much 

 prolonged backwards, and bordered with two rows of papillary 

 tubercles which are very close set ; foot small, canaliculated, without 

 a byssus ; mouth large ; labial appendages very much developed and 



