(71 



M A N 



3. The Ethiopian Variety.-Skiu and eye* bUck ; hair bUck and 

 woolly ; kull compreMcd laterally, and elongated towards the front; 

 forehead low, narrow, and abutting; chwk-bone* prominent; jawa 

 narrow and projecting | upper front teeth oblique ; chin mv.liin:. 

 The eye* prominent ; the noae broad, thick, flat, and conftued with 

 toe extended jaw; the lip*, and particularly the upper one, tliick. 

 All the native* of Africa, not included iu the first variety, belong 

 to thi*. 



4. The American Variety. Skin dark, and more or less of a red 

 tint ; black, straight, and strong hair ; small beard ; and a counte- 

 nance and skull very similar to the Mongolian. The forehead low ; 

 the eye* deep ; the face broad, particularly across the cheeks, but not 

 so flattened as in the Mongols ; mouth large ; and lips rather thick. 

 This variety include* all the native Americans except the Esquimaux. 



5. The Malay Variety. Brown colour, from a light tawny to a deep 

 brown. Hair black, more or lesa curled, and abundant ; head rather 

 narrow ; bones of the face large and prominent ; nose full, and broad 

 toward* the apex ; mouth large. In this are included the inhabitants 

 of MBlff*, of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the adjacent Asiatic 

 islands ; of the Molucca, Ladrone, Philippine, Marian, and Caroline 

 groups; of Australia, Van Diemen's Laud, New Guinea, New Zealand, 

 and of all the islands of the South Sea. 



Cuvier distinguished only three principal divisions the Caucasian, 

 the Mongolian, and the Ethiopian ; remaining doubtful as to the Malay 

 and American varieties. Dr. Prichard, on the other hand, divides the 

 species into seven principal varieties: 1, the Iranians, who in the 

 form of their skulls and other physical characters resemble Europeans, 

 iu which are included, as before detailed, all the Caucasian variety. 

 2, the Turanian, who are nearly the same with the Mongolians of other 

 writers. 3, the native Americans, except the Esquimaux and some 

 others resembling them. 4, the Hottentots and Bushmen. 5, the 

 Negroes. 6, the Papua*, or woolly-haired nations of Polynesia. 

 7, the Alfourou and Australian races. 



The following is the arrangement, with the definitions given by 

 Dr. Pickering, an American traveller and writer, in his work ' On the 

 Itaces of Men :' 



a. Wl,it-: 



1. Arabian. The nose prominent, the lips thin, the beard abundant, 

 and the hair straight or flowing. 



2. Abyuinian The complexion hardly becoming florid, the nose 

 prominent, and the hair crisped. 



b. Brown. 



3. Mongolian. Beardless, with the hair perfectly straight and very 

 long. 



4. Hottentot. Negro features, and close woolly hair ; and the 

 taturu diminutive. 



5. Malay. Features not prominent in the profile, the complexion 

 darker than in the preceding races, and the hair straight or flowing. 



c. BlacJcM-Brown. 



6. Papuan. Features not prominent in profile, the beard abundant, 

 the skin harsh to the touch, and the hair crisped or frizzled. 



7. \fffrUlo. Apparently beardless, the stature diminutive, the 

 features approaching those of the negro, and the hair woolly. 



8. Indian, or Telingan. The features approaching those of the 

 Arabian, and the hair, in like manner, straight or fl< 



9. Ethiopian. The complexion and features intermediate between 

 the Telingan and Negro, and the hair crisped. 



d. Slack. 



10. Australian, Negro features, but combined with straight or 

 flowing hair. 



11. \eyro. Cloe woolly hair, the nose much flattened, and the 

 lips very thick. 



The most recent writer and greatest authority on the races of men 

 i* Dr. R. O. Latham, who, in his work on the ' Varieties of Man,' 

 propon* the following arrangement. In the first place, like Cuvier 

 and other previous writers, he adopt* but three primary varieties of 

 the human specie) : 



L Moxgolidtr. II. Atlantida. III. Japttida, 

 The termination in ' idn ' employed here seems preferable to the 

 tue of term* such a* claw, order, family, tribe, or other words which 

 have another use, either in this or other departments of natural 

 history. It must not however be supposed that by using these terms 

 any of the varieties of man can be traced up to a common ancestry, 

 no that we could nay all the Monyolida originated with this man, or 

 all the AUantida with that man. In tracing back races we have no 

 evidence so conclusive that any particular variety originated with a 

 particular pair of human being*, a* we have that all the families of 

 mankind have originated in a (ingle pair. The terms Mongolida, 

 AllfftUa, and Japtlida are not derived from a community of meaning 

 in the things they expresa. Thus, the first come* from a nation, the 

 Mongoli, who occupied a portion of eastern Asia, and were at one 

 time the conqueror* of the world, and are regarded as typical of a 

 large portion of the human race. The Allan! iilic are entirely found 



MAN. 71 



in Africa ; hence their name. The Japetida include the race* of men 

 iu Europe, who are traditionally descended from Japheth ; hence the 

 name (elected to expreat them. 



I. MONUOLUML The people comprised under this variety have 

 the following physical conformation : The face i* broad and flat, 

 which either arise* from the great development of the zygomatic 

 arches, or from the distance between the parietal bone* on each side of 

 the head. There is often aUo a great depression of the naaal bone*, 

 which contribute* to give a flat appearance to the face. The profile 

 of the forehead i* retiring or depressed, seldom found perpendicular. 

 The profile of the jaw* is prognathic or projecting, seldom found on a 

 level with the forehead. The eye* frequently present the peculiarity 

 called oblique. The skin is of a mixed character, never truly white, 

 and very rarely of a jet-black ; still it often present* what would be 

 called a black or white colour. The eye* are generally of a dark 

 colour. The hair, as a general rule, is straight, long, and black ; in 

 some instances it is curly rarely woolly and more rarely still light- 

 coloured. 



The language* of the prople belonging to this variety arc either 

 characterised by the absence of case* (aptotic), or having inflections, 

 they can be shown to have arisen out of the union of different word* 

 (agglutinate). They are very rarely amalgamate. 



The distribution of this variety is very wide over the surface 

 of the earth. It finds its greatest development on the conti- 

 nent of Asia ; although even there it is found not to be entire 

 possessor of the earth. The Persians of northern and western Persia, 

 the Kurds, the Beluchi, the Afghans, the Tajiks of Bokhara, an.l the 

 Siaposh must all be regarded as belonging to the Japctida, On the 

 other hand, although we shall find the Japttida the principal occu- 

 pants of Europe, there seems to be little doubt that the Lapp* and 

 Finns of Scandinavia, the Magyars of Hungary, the Turks of Turkey, 

 the Basque* or Euskaldunes of Biscay and Navarre, and probably even 

 the Albanians or mountaineers of ancient Illyria and Epirua, all 

 belong to the Mongolida. 



From the analogy of language this variety is made by Dr. Latham 

 to include the whole of the inhabitant* of the Polynesian Islands, as 

 well as those of America. Although at first sight the physical differ- 

 enced between the Asiatic Mongolida and the inhabitant* of the islands 

 of the South Seas and the continent of America might look a* great 

 as that between many of the Mongolida: and Japelida, yet it ha* been 

 found that even physical characters fail to afford a line of demarcation. 

 Thus, the late Dr. Morton, of America, thought that " the squared or 

 rounded head, the flattened and vertical occiput, the high cheek-bones, 

 the ponderous maxilke, the large quadrangular orbits, and the low reced- 

 ing forehead," were characters that would distinguish the American from 

 all other varieties. .When however we examine the language* of the 

 American continent we shall find that the Esquimaux present so strong 

 a relation to that of the other races that we cannot deny their affinity 

 to the American races ; and it is amongst the Esquimaux that we find 

 a departure from the physical type of a peculiar American form, and 

 a strong relationship with the Asiatic Mongolida. It is considerations 

 such as this which have induced recent ethnologist* to regard the 

 American Indian as a form of the variety of mankind to which the 

 followers of Uenghis-Khan belong. 



The influence of the races included under the variety of Mongol i<t<i 

 must be regarded a* rather material than moral. They undoubtedly 

 form by far the larger portion of the human race, and occupy a con- 

 siderable space in the history of the world. They have, by the sword, 

 established some of the largest empires that the world ha* seen. China 

 U at this moment an example. Their empire* have however crumbled 

 to pieces, and left no deep impression on the world. Such is not the 

 history of the Atlantida and Japctida, the first of which includes the 

 Jews and the Mohammedans, and the last the Greeks, Romans, and 

 modern European races. 



The Mongolida: are divided by Dr. Latham into groups as follows : 



A. Altaic Mongolida. The term Altaic is taken from the Altai 

 Mountains iu Central Asia, these being a convenient geographical 

 centre for the different nations and tribes comprising Uiis division. 

 It embrace* two stocks, the Svriform, and the Turanian. 



Tho Seriform stock has the physical conformation of the Mongol, 

 and it* language* are either wholly aptotic or with only the run: . 

 of an inflexion. The area inhabited by these people is China, 

 Tibet, and the Indo-Chinese or Trana-Gangctic Peninsula as far a* 

 Malaya; the Himalayan and part* of the Sub-Himalayan range of 

 mountains. 



In this stock the chief people are Chinese, Tibetans, Anameae, 

 Siamese, Kambogianx, Burmese, the Iiidu ; and several unplaced tribes 

 are added by Dr. Latham. 



The Turanian stock has the physical conformation of the Mongolx, 

 the language* are not monosyllabic. They are found from Kuint- 

 chatka to Norway, and from the Arctic Ocean to the frontiers of 

 Tili.-t and Persia. The countries included are the northern part* of 

 the f 'hiiii-M- empire, the greater part of Siberia, Mongolia, Tartar}', 

 Eastern Turkutan, Asia Minor, Turkey, Hungary, Esthonio, and 

 Lapland. They are divided into four groups : 



1 . The Mongolian branch, including the Mongol* proper, the Burial.--, 

 the Kalmuks of liussia, and the Eiuiak of Persia. 



