873 



MAN. 



MAN. 



674 



2. The Tungusiau branch including the Tshapojirs on the Lena, 

 the Lainuts on the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Mautshu rulers of China. 



3. The Turk branch : this includes the Uighurs, the Turks of the 

 Sandy Desert, Turks of Khoten, &c., the Kirghis, Uzbeks, Turkomans, 

 Osmanli, Nogays, Turks of the Russian empire, and the isolated 

 Yakuts of the Lena. 



4. The Ugrian branch includes the Voguls, the Permians, Tchere- 

 miss, Fiulanders, Esthonians, Laplanders, and Hungarians. 



B. Dioicurian Mongolida. The term Dioscurian is taken from 

 the ancient sea-port Dioscurias. The tribes included in it have a 

 modified Mongol organisation, the languages are (paucosyllabic) few- 

 syllabled and agglutinate. Of all the languages not belonging to the 

 Serifonn stock of the last section they approach nearest to the aptotic 

 state. They embrace 1, the Georgians; 2, the Lesgians ; 3, the 

 Mizjeji; 4, the Iron ; and 5, the Circassians. 



Of this group, Dr. Latham observes, " To have used the word 

 'Caucasian ' would have been correct, but inconvenient. It is already 

 misapplied in another sense, that is, for the sake of denoting the 

 so-called Causasian race, consisting or said to consist of Jews, Greeks, 

 Circassians, Scotchmen, ancient Romans, and other heterogeneous 

 elements. In this sense it has been used in more than one celebrated 

 work of fiction. In such and in such only, it is otherwise than out 

 of place." 



C. Oceanic Mongolidce. The epithet Oceanic is applied to this 

 group, because, with the exception of the peninsula of Malacca, the 

 tribes belonging to it are the inhabitants of inlands exclusively. 

 With the exception of Mauritius, the Islo of Bourbon, Ceylon, the 

 Seychelles, the Maldives, and the Laccadives in the Indian Ocean, 

 and the Japanese empire, with the islands to the north thereof in 

 the Chinese Sen, every inhabited spot of land in the Indian and 

 Pacific Oceans is inhabited by tribes of one and the same race which 

 are embraced by this division. Not only is this race to be found spread 

 over these islands, but apparently nowhere else. " In the peninsula 

 of Malacca," says Dr. Latham, " and on no other part of the main- 

 land of Asia, is an oceanic tribe to be detected," Although united 

 by Dr. Latham, oceanic races exhibit two types. One class is yellow, 

 olive, brunette, or brown, with long, black, and straight hair. 

 Another class is black rather than yellow ; the hair is sometimes long 

 and straight, but in other cases crisp, curly, frizzy, or even woolly, 

 The social, moral, and intellectual difference between these two classes 

 is not less than their physical. The black division inhabits New 

 Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Ireland, and the islands between 

 it and New Caledonia. The brown division occupies all the rest of 

 the oceanic area, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, the Moluccas, the Philippines, 

 the South Sea Islands, the Carolinas, <fec. The names given to these 

 divisions are as follows : 



1. For the lighter-cotnplexioncd straight-haired type Malay. 



2. For the type that partakes of the character of the African negro 

 inhabiting New Guinea, Australia, and what may be called the con- 

 tinuous localities for the unmixed black Negrito. 



3. The tribes with any or all of the Negrito characters, dwelling 

 side by side with Malays in Malay localities, or in localities discon- 

 nected with the true Negrito area the blacks of the Malayan area. 



D. Hyperborean Stongolida. The physical conformation of this 

 section is that of undersized Mongolians. Their languages are agglu- 

 tinate, neither monosyllabic, nor paucosyllabic. They are all sub- 

 ject to either Russia or China. Their religion is either Shamanism 

 or an imperfect Christianity. They are found on the coasts of the 

 Arctic Ocean, and the courses of the Yenisei and Koliina. The 

 principal divisions are the Samoides, the Yeuiseians, and the 

 Yukuhiri. 



A*. Peninsular Monyolida. This section comprises races very 

 widely distributed. Some of these lie within the arctic circle, others 

 as far south as 26 N. lat. Their physical conformation is Mongol. 

 Their languages are agglutinate, and in some cases excessively mono- 

 syllabic. The area occupied by these races are the islands and peninsulas 

 of the north-eastern coast of Asia. The people embraced in it are the 

 Koreans, the Japanese, the Aino, the Koriaks, and the Kamtchatdales. 



F. American Mangolida. This section embraces the original 

 inhabitants of the whole continent of America. By most writers on 

 ethnology, the races of America are regarded as a distinct family. 

 Their connection with Monyolidm s ems however to be established by 

 the Eskimo, who are physically Mongol and Asiatic, but philologically 

 American. Of the Eskimo Dr. Latham remarks : 



" Unimportant as are the Eskimo in a political and historical view, 

 their peculiar geographical position gives them an importance in all 

 questions of ethnology ; since one of the highest problems turns upon 

 the affinities of this family. 



" It has long been known that the nation which inhabits Greenland 

 and Labrador i the nation which inhabits the north-western parts of 

 Rusftian America as well. It is found on the American side of 

 Behring's Straits, and it is found on the Asiatic side also. So that the 

 Eskimo is the only family common to the Old and New World; an 

 important fact in itself, and one made more important still by the 

 Eskimo localities being the only localities where the two continents 

 come into' proximity. Now'if these facts had stood alone, unmodi- 



NAT. HIST. DIV. VOL. III. 



fled by any phenomena that 'detracted from their significance, the 

 peopling of America would have been no more a mystery than the 

 peopling of Europe. Such however is not the case. They neither 

 stand alone, nor stand unmodified. The reasons that lie against what 

 is at the first blush the common sense answer to the question ' How was 

 America peopled ? ' are chiefly as follows : 



" 1. The distance of the north-eastern parts of Asia from any 

 probable centre of population cradle of the human ruee, so called. 

 For these parts to have been the passage, Kamtchatka must have 

 been full to overflowing before the Mississippi had been trodden by 

 the foot of a human being. 



" 2. The physical differences between the Eskimo_"and the American 

 Indians. 



" 3. The difficulties presented by the Eskimo language. 



" It is only these two last reasons to which I attribute much validity. 

 The first of the three I put low in the way of an objection ; that id, 

 not much higher than I put the systems founded upon the Icelandic 

 and Welsh traditions, the drifting of Japanese junks, and the effects 

 of wiuds and currents upon Polynesian canoes. Without at present 

 doubting whether the occurrences here alluded to have happened 

 since America was peopled by the present race, I limit myself to an 

 expression of dissent from, the doctrine that by any such unsatis- 

 factory processes the original population found its way ; in other 

 words, I believe that our only choice lies between the doctrine that 

 makes the American nations to have originated from one or more 

 separate pairs of progenitors, and the doctrine that either Behriug's 

 Straits or the line of islands between Kamtchatka and the peninsula 

 of Aliaska, was the highway between the two worlds from Asia to 

 America, or vice versa. I say vice versa, since it by no means follows 

 that because Asia and America shall have been peopled by the same 

 race, the original of that race must necessarily have arisen iu Asia ; 

 inasmuch as the statement, that the descendants of the same pair 

 peopled two continents, taken alone, proves nothing as to the particular 

 continent in which that pair first appeared. Against America, and in 

 favour of Asia, being the birth-place of the human race its unity 

 beiag assumed I know many valid reasons ; reasons valid enough 

 and numerous enough to have made the notion of the New World 

 being the oldest of two a paradox. Nevertheless I know no absolutely 

 conclusive ones. Omitting however this question, the chief pritna- 

 facie objections to the view that America was peopled from north- 

 eastern Asia lie in the 



" 1. Physical Differences between the Eskimo and the American 

 Indian. Stunted as he is ill stature, the Eskimo is essentially a Mongol 

 in physiognomy. His nose- is flattened, his cheek bones project, his 

 eyes are often oblique, and his skin is more yellow and brown than 

 red or copper-coloured. On the other hand, iu his most typical form, 

 the American Indian is not Mongol in physiognomy. With the same 

 black straight hair, he has an aquiline nose, a prominent profile, and a 

 skin more red or copper-coloured than either yellow or brown. 

 Putting this along with other marked characteristics, moral as well 

 as physical, it is not surprising that the American should have been 

 taken as the type and sample of a variety in contrast with the 

 Mongolian. 



"2. Philological Arguments. Few languages, equally destitute of 

 literature, have been better or longer known than the Eskimo. For 

 this we have to thank the Danish missionaries of Greenland Egede 

 most especially. From the grammar of Fabricius the Eskimo was 

 soon known to be a language of long compound words, and of regular 

 though remarkable inflections. It was known too to be very unlike 

 the better known languages of Europe and Asia. Finally, it has been 

 admitted to be, in respect to its grammatical structure at least, 

 American." 



We need not here enumerate the various tribes embraced iu this 

 section, as it includes the whole of the original races found on the 

 American continent. 



G. Indian Mongolida;. The races belonging to this section arc 

 found in Hindustan, Cashmere, Ceylon, the Maldives and Laccadives, 

 and part of Beloochistan. They are found mixed or contiguous to 

 the Japetidse of Beloochistau and Cabul, and various Seriform tribes. 

 They present two extreme forms of physical conformation, one with 

 the skin dark or even black, the other of a brunette colour, with a 

 skin of great delicacy and clearness. The social condition of caste 

 prevails among them. The principal religions are Brahminism and 

 Buddhism, with a variety of intermediate creeds. Their ancient 

 literature is in the Sanscrit, and their alphabets are derived from that 

 language. They embrace the following divisions : 1, the Tamul ; 

 2, the Paliuda; 3, the Brahui; 4, the Indo-Gangetic ; 5, the Purbutti; 

 6, the Cashmirian ; 7, the Cingalese; and 8, the Maldiviau. 



II. The ATLANTIDA In their physical character the face is not so 

 broad and flat as in the Mongolian. The jaws project, are prognathic, 

 whilst the nose is generally flat ; the forehead is retiring ; the cranium 

 dolikocephalic, that is, there is less space between the parietal bones 

 of the skull, whilst its length remains the same, than there is iu tbe 

 last variety ; the eyes only rarely open obliquely ; the skin is mostly 

 jet-black, presenting however lighter shades, and very rarely approach- 

 ing a pure white ; the hair is crisp, woolly, very rarely straight, and 

 still more rarely light-coloured. The languages amongst the Atlautidin 



2 x 



