677 



MAN, FOSSIL. 



MANGANESE. 



C73 



** 

 #** 



/3. High Germans, including Hesaians, Thuringians, Franks. 

 7. Low Germans, including 



1. Batavians. 



2. Saxons, embracing 



Saxons of Hanover, and Anglo-Saxons of England. 

 * Saxons of Osnaburg and Westphalia. 

 * Nordalbingiaus. Extinct. 



3. Frisians. 



li. Scandinavians, embracing 



1. Icelanders. 



2. Faroe Islanders. 



3. Norwegians. 



4. Swedes. 



5. Danes. 



2. Sannatians. This comprises the Lithuanic and Slavonic divisions, 

 and these are its primary sections. 



Of the Lithuanians Dr. Latham says 



1. Of all the Japetidse they preserved their original paganism 



longest. 



2. Of all the Japetidte they have had the least influence on man- 



kind. 



.*?. Of all the Japetidae they speak a language nearest in structure 

 to the Sanscrit. 



The Slavonic division includes 

 a. Russians. 

 P. Servians. 

 y. Illyrians 

 . Toheks. 

 . Poles, 

 f. Serbs, 

 j;. Polabic Slavonians. 



8. Mediterranean Indo-Germans. These include the Greeks and 

 Romans of antiquity, and their modern descendants. 



II. Iranian Indo-Germans. Dr. Latham says "the whole of this 

 class is hypothetical." It includes the Persians, who embrace the 

 Kurds, the Beloochi, the Affghans, the Siaposh, and other contiguous 

 races in Asia. The unplaced stocks are the Armenians and Iberians. 



(Dr. R. G. Latham, Varieties of Man ; Lawrence, Lectures on Man ; 

 Dr. Lankester, On the Physical History of Man, in Family Tutor ; 

 Nott and Gliddon, Types of Mankind; Dr. Latham, Ethnology of 

 British Colonies, Ethnology of British Islands, Migrations of Man, 

 Ethnology of Europe; Dr. Pickering, Races of Men ; Dr. Prichard, 

 Physical History of Mankind ; Cuvier, Rlyne Animal.) 



MAN, FOSSIL. [AsTHROPOLiTES.] 



MANAKINS, the name of a group of small birds remarkable for 

 the rich tints of their plumage (Pipra of authors). Mr. Swainsou 

 makes them a sub-family of the A mpclidte, under the name of /"//// in" 

 [PlPRA.] 



MANATEE. [CETACEA.] 



MANCHIXEEL-TREE. [HlFPOMANE.] 



MANDARIN DUCK. [DucKS.] 



MANDIOC, the Brazilian name of the Cassava Plant, Jatropha 

 Manihot. [JATROPHA.] 



MANDRAGORA. [ATROPA.] 



MANDRAKE. [ATROPA.] 



MANDRILD. [BABOOH.] 



MANETTIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Cinchonacece, The limb of the calyx is 4- or 5-lobed, often with 

 secondary lobes interposed between the principal ones ; the corolla is 

 funnel-shaped, with a terete or quadrangular tube, a hairy throat, and 

 a 4- or 5-lobed limb ; anthers sessile, in the throat of the corolla ; cap- 

 sule ovate, compressed, crowned with the lobes of the calyx. Seeds 

 peltate, girded by a usually toothed border. The species are herba- 

 ceous plants or shrubs, with slender twining stems and axillary leaves, 

 many-flowered peduncles. 



M. cordifolia is a native of Buenos Ayres and of the province of 

 Minos Geraes in Brazil. The whole plant is glabrous; the stem suffru- 

 ticose, much branched, very slender, round, twining ; bark gray, and 

 exfoliating on the young shoots, green, glabrous, and shining. The 

 leaves are opposite, petioled, cordate, acuminate, glabrous on both sides, 

 shining, pale, with prominent veins, and obscure minute articulations, 

 below dark, and the veins slightly channeled above ; stipules small, 

 subulate, and at length often reflexed in their upper half, bases broad, 

 and connate within the petioles, so as to form a small cup, which is occa- 

 sionally toothed round the branch ; peduncles elongated, solitary, 

 glabrous, filiform, shining, and single-flowered at the extremities of 

 the branches, which are subsequently elongated, rendering the pedun- 

 cle axillary; calyx green, glabrous, 4-parted, with minute divided 

 intervening teeth ; segments acute, at length reflexed, and nerved ; 

 corolla very hanrlsome, shining on the outer surface, and glabrous 

 everywhere except a little above ita base on tho inside, where for some 

 distance it is densely clothed with inverted while haira ; tube clavate, 

 funnel-shaped, with 4 fl.it sides, nectariferous, and only colourless at 

 the base, every other part of the corolla vermilion orange-coloured, 



deepest ou the inner side of the limb, green in the young bud.3 ; throat 

 dilated and naked; limb 4-parted; segments deltoid, revolute. The 

 seeds are brown, round, flattened, and surrounded by a membranous 

 wing. The bark of the root is esteemed in Brazil a most valuable 

 remedy in dropsy and dysentery. It is given in powder of half a 

 drachm to a drachm and a half. It acts as an emetic. 

 (Lindley, Flora Medica.) 



MANGABEY, a name for two species of Monkeys belonging to the 

 group of Guenom. [GuENONS.] 



MANGANESE, a Metal of which the black oxide, or binoxide, was 

 first described by Scheele in 1774, and was afterwards determined by 

 him and Gahn to contain a peculiar metal, which has BO powerful an 

 affinity for oxygen, that this circumstance alone would prevent its 

 occurrence in nature in its metallic state. The natural compounds of 

 manganese, and especially its oxides, are numerous, and are found 

 abundantly in many parts of the earth. Like oxide of iron, it fre- 

 quently occurs in minerals in such small quantity as to show that it 

 exists in them rather in mixture than combination. 



Manganese may be procured by mixing any of its oxides with oil, 

 and heating it strongly iu a well-covered crucible. Its properties are, 

 that it has a grayish-white colour and resembles white cast-iron in 

 appearance; it is hard, brittle, and has a fasciculated crystalline 

 structure; its specific gravity, according to Berthier, is 7-05; it is 

 inodorous and tasteless, but when breathed upou emits a smell of 

 hydrogen gas. By exposure to the air manganese readily tarnishes by 

 oxidisement, and even in a very short time attracts sufficient oxygen 

 to lose its metallic lustre, and falls to a reddish-brown powder ; hence 

 the necessity for preserving it immersed in naphtha. Even at common 

 temperatures it slowly decomposes water; and at a red heat the 

 decomposition is rapidly effected, and in both cases hydrogen gas is 

 evolved and oxide of manganese formed. It requires an extremely 

 high temperature for its fusion, and it is fixed iu the fire. 



The ores of manganese are chiefly oxides : they are the following : 

 Haussmannite Occurs crystallised in octohedrons and massive. 

 Primary form a square prism. Cleavage parallel to the base of the 

 primary form. Fracture uneven. Hardness rather greater thau that 

 of phosphate of lime. Colour brownish-black. Powder reddish-brown. 

 Lustre imperfect metallic. Opaque. Specific gravity 4722. 



Before the blow-pipe with borax fuses into an amethystine-coloured 

 glass. It is found at Ilmenau in Thuringia, at Framont, and in 

 Pennsylvania, &c. 



Dr. Turner's analysis gives very nearly 



Manganese 70-9!) 



Oxygen 27'33 



Silica 0-34 



Barytes (HI 



Water <H3 



-99-19 



The equivalent of manganese being 28, this ore is essentially a 

 compound of 3 equivalents of metal 84 + 4 equivalents of oxygen 

 32 = 116. It contains less oxygen than any other oxid3 except the 

 protoxide, which does not occur in nature except ia combination. 



Braunite Occurs crystallised and massive. Primary form a square 

 prism. Cleavage distinct, parallel to the faces of an octoheclron. 

 Fracture uneven. Hardness 6'0 to 6'5. Brittle. Colour brownish- 

 black. Streak the same. Lustre imperfect metallic. Opaque. Specific 

 gravity 4*818. The massive varieties are divergiugly fibrous. 



Before the blow-pipe melts and effervesces slightly with borax. It 

 is found at Elgenberg, Wursiudel, Piedmont, and in Cornwall. 



According to Dr. Turner, it consists very nearly of 



Manganese . 67'76 



Oxygen . 29'03 



Barytes 2'26 



Water 0-95 



100 



It is essentially an anhydrous sesquioxide of manganese, consisting 

 of 1 equivalent of metal 28 + 1 J eqaivalent of oxygen 12 = 40. 



Manganite Occurs crystallised and massive. Primary form a right 

 rhombic prism. Cleavage parellel to the lateral faces. Fracture uneven. 

 Hardness 4'0 to 4'25. Scratches glass slightly. Colour iron and steel 

 and blackish gray. Streak reddish-brown. Lustre metallic. Opaque. 

 Specific gravity 4'328. Masaive varieties amorphous. Structure 

 crystalline, granular, large fibrous. 



Before the blow-pipe, with borax, fuses iuto a transparent ame- 

 thystine glass; heated in a tube, water is expelled. It occurs at 

 Hartshill near Coventry, in Devonshire, Ilfeld in the Harz, &c. 

 Dr. Turner's analysis gives very nearly 



Manganese 62'93 



Oxygen 26'97 



Water lO'lO 



100 



It is therefore hydrated sesquioxide of manganese. . 



Varvicite Occurs massive and in pseudo-crystals. Composed of 

 thin plates and fibres. Hardness 2'5. Colour gray. Powder black. 

 Lustre metallic. Opaque. Specific gravity 4'531. When strongly 

 heated yields oxygon gai and water. 



