4i*Mkfa* It* ft^*r II fMhil oot iu foa 

 VOTH pic* curt l*Wir* is oofvpcvMny th 

 na*MiHi to BMay at those by which UM loi 

 food; aad a*y thu* rwomU ia UM md 

 **** rain aoUoa fartfcTnMptiM MM! 



SYSTEM. 



aattraaitU*. folly prove that UM 

 * of UM lips and tMplratory organ* 

 is alone oa> for the perrormaoo* of 

 on yoang talmsti from which UM 

 UM asme bet. That Mr. Oraiacer 

 bis lanr antHtasI with milk, or with 

 UM Up* of a pappy thus mutilated. UM act 

 ' not merely UM art of notion itoelf. but 

 C a r*l*tiaa to it : for a< tbe pappy lay on it* 

 U paihii oat iu feet ia UM aw 



NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



-i 



UM tow's dug*. Thi* action 

 hioh'UM lower animals take in their 

 lull, obloogau a distinct 



Mot), which M formerly explained are portly 

 it oadoabtodly UM adherent portion of th* 

 It is (bond that, if tbe trunk of this nerve 

 or Ml .baryajlil (bat not iU lingual) branches b* pinched, pricked, or 

 _.n .. ..;n .i_ ,,1^ y,, n^jni], oblon 



r4a.UM 



alt n a trail ia UM art of swallowing art excited. 

 i if wbaa UM trunk of UM gloeao-pharyngeal ha* been 

 xtrvaity ia oonaeoUon with UM medulla oblongata 

 M irrittUd; bat btti* or M maecolar eontraetion it produced by 

 initmlJM of UM tsaaralid extremity, whtaoe it i* apparent that the 

 aieeeii taaryngtsl at* Uule or no direct motel power, bat acts at aa 

 actor. Ia Uut U apptoi* to b* attitliil by UM branches of the fifth 

 par dtHribotod apoa UM faaoes; aad probably also by the branches 

 of UM taprrW Uryngal distributed upon the pharynx Tbe motor 

 inflMac*, wtuoh i* generaUd ia rttnoadaao* to the stimulus thus 

 rooT.jcJ. appear* to art chiefly through the branchra of the par 

 tafum. whtcb are distributed to most of the muscles concerned in 

 wallowing ; bat UM facial. UM hypogtoetal. UM motor portion of the 

 aftk. aad parbap* aba UM motor portion of torn* of the cervical 

 it*, art aUo eon mod ia UM movement, tad may fleet it, though 

 with dittcofcy. after UM pharyngeal branches of the par vagum have 



la UM propoUoa of UM food down UM cowphagus, to which the 

 |l*ti |iatijat,sil aerve do** not extend, UM mutcnUr contraction, to 

 far a* it i* of a reflex nalare. must depend upon tbe ceeophageal 

 at* of UM par vagum alone; their afferent portion being th* 

 r. aad their motor portion giving UM requisite stimulus to th* 

 Tbe am* must be UM oat* in regard to the muscular con- 

 i of UM cardiac and piloric sphincters, aad of th* wall* of the 

 . so far as retards their dependence upon the nervous intern 

 ataU; bat UM degree of thi* b doubtful It i* alto through tbe reflex 

 of UM awdolU obloagaU that tbe aperture of UM glottis i* 

 1 [Liars x ; Voice), and UM regulation of the aperture of the 



-- t- -1 -' JL*__1 



I* ia UM eye. i. eftecUJ" [Kit] 



That pan of UM bnia whieh give* origin to the olfactory, optic, i 



fcUtory T. i. en la UM Jowrr animal*, eapecUlly In nabee. 



aditory awrw. M mm 



ut.l *J anf ^ *> I 1 



fJQM** CM wVOirHV BBQ I 



re not w dwUart, bat at UM base 



an sbtsntd which art colled UM corpora ttriato and 



I ': 



and 



_, _. ially In fishes, to 

 In the human brain they 



" 



brain two pan, 



._ 



(Uaal* ) Tke fibre* forming the** two tn ..... may be i 

 rated, for we tad that, wbilet UM Bbre* paMmg to the co 

 ri* OM t Motor mrrea, thoee that paa* to 



optici. 



readily tepa- 

 corpora itriaU 

 paas to the thalami 



MNWOV^T 



TVe faaxtoai of thi* group of gaaglia may b* partly inferred 

 of e*p*rimeau,aad thea. ban been chiefly made upo 

 



from 

 n the 



Uaaf 



or corpora uuadri||aiat> Tbe partial loet of th* ganglion 

 - J atttlaU*eyofUMOppoalU*ide.aodprlial 

 oa UM oppotito aide of UM body; and th 

 ' t extirpation of It, occasion* 

 UM puiili, ijpii fc 



' : - T . 



"The eaneeutual or instinctive movemenU which make up nearly the 



whole of those action* in the /nMrfcorafe that arj not limply reflex, 



constitute a comparatively smaller proportion of the actions of the 



ligher rrrtcbraia ; these being guided m a much greater degree by 



aUlligenoe, which reason* upon the sensations and devises meant to 



gratify th* desirei create I by them. Consequently there is reason to 



hink that the direct action of the censiry ganglia upon the muscles 



comparatively t.'ldom exercised in the active condition of ths 



re bruin. 



" There are certain actions however which would teem to take place 



regularly through this channel Thus the consensual movements of 



tte eyes, which concur to direct their axis towards the tains object, 



appear to depend upon the impressions made upon the retina, for we 



o not tee these movements Uking place with neirly the s.im-j 



xactness in the eye* of persons who have been born totally blind ; 



and in those who have completely lost their sight after having enjoyed 



he power of vision, we may also perceive that although the two eyes 



move consentaneously from h.-xbit, yet that their axes are parallel 



nitead of convergent, so that they do not seem to look at any object 



mt beyond it into vacancy. 



" The existence of a Sensation of some kind, in connection with a 

 ituscular exertion, teems essential to the continuance of the latter. 

 )ur ordinary movements are guided by what is termed the muscular 

 ense, that is, by a feeling of the condition of the muscle that comes 

 to ut through iU own sensory nerves. Uow necessary this is to the 

 exercise of muscuUr power may be best judged of from cases in which 

 t has been lost Thus a woman who had suffered complete loss of 

 sensation in on* arm, but who retained its motor power, found that 

 the could not support her infant upon it, without constantly looking 

 at it; and that if she wre to remove her eyes for a moment the child 

 would fall, in spite of her knowledge that her infant was resting on 

 JOT arm, and of her desire to sustain it Here, the muscular sense 

 Ming entirely deficient, the sense of vision supplied what was deficient 

 to long as it was exercised upon the object, but as soon as this 

 gliding influence wot withdrawn, the strongest will could not sustain 

 ihe muscular action. Again, in the production of vocal sounds, the 

 nice adjustment of the vocal larynx, which is requisite to produce 

 determinate tones, can only be effected in obedience to a mental con- 

 ception of the tone to be uttered ; and this conception cannot be 

 formed unless the sense of hearing lias brought similar tones to tho 

 mind. Hence it U, that persons who are born deaf are also dumb. 

 They may have no malformation of the organs of speech, but they are 

 Incapable of uttering distinct vocal sounds or musical tones because 

 they have not the guiding conception, or recalled sensation of the 

 nature of these. By long training, and by efforts directed by the 

 muscular tons* of the lamyx iUclf, some persons thus circumstanced 

 have acquired the power of speech ; but the want of sufficiently definite 

 control over the vocal muscles ia always very evident iu the use of the 

 organ. 



" Various other fncts might be adduced to show that in man certain 

 movemenU are as intimately connected with the excitement of sensa- 

 tions iu the sensory ganglia as others are with the production of 

 impretsions in the ganglia of reflex actions. And it may be further 

 questioned, in the absence of any precise knowledge upon the suhjrct, 

 whether the emotions, when so strongly excited as to act involuntarily 

 on the body, do not operate through this group of ganglia and tl.u 

 fibres proceeding from them. 



" There are many analogies between the purely emotional actions of 

 man and the instinctive movements of tho lower animals, each follow- 

 ing clotely upon sensations, without any exercise of tbe reasoning 

 faculty, and each bring performed not merely without the mandate of 

 the will, but often in direct opposition to it That the emotions, 

 when they thus affect the body, do not ojwrate through tho same set 

 of nervous fibre* as thoee which convey tbe influence of the will, 



<> "tlM ad? If the animal 



ia irrafalar eoovaUiv* movMaeoU Here then 



J 

 with the an*aUr apparrtu. by motor 



TWr~o.wBytbeeT.o7theoppoeiU.ld* 

 taUMd.iMai>tuBof the optic oeVvm Tb. 

 oa UM . of UM oppoaiu rid, of the 

 body k. at MM i MaWahMd froai UM fact of UM decuMaUoa of UM 

 tkrai ia MM aatartir pynaiioVs. 



-Tk..-* t**U*o**i. gmajtU, receive UM imprWoo. from UM 

 m* ty UM piw aarraa, mmt (beta M it wer* into eneaUooa. an. 

 *! traatadl **A 



. 

 at UM lover 



to b. to gU. UM 



aX UM gmler part of wboa* nurpoM 

 W UM iMia. loWbtob \S! 



Wwss *y 

 flat apa*< 



tbmrparu. ia Uw fw**pbatoa of atta. 

 to lit., la UM 



a* to the puqM 



,. , 



or bit 



proved bv this fact that caiee have occurred in which muscles 

 have been paralysed by the will, whilst they remain obedient to the 

 emotion*; and vice ver-A. Thus, in one instance the muscles of one 

 id* of the face were palsied in such a manner that the individual 

 coulil not voluntarily shut bis eye nor draw hi mouth tow.irds that 

 aide, yet when any ludicrous circumstance caused him to laugh, tliHr 

 uual play was manifested in the expression of his countenance ; and 

 ia another ease the muscles were in obedience to the will, but when 

 UM individual laughed or cried, under the influence of on emotion, it 

 wa* only on one aide of th* face. To these may be added another 

 oaee in which th* right arm was completely palsied, so that the indi- 

 idual had not the least voluntary power over it ; yet it was violently 

 " 8 !!* U<1 when r 1 ' be ">* friend "horn he desired to, greet These 

 similar cane* afford sufficient proof that the direct influence of the 

 HtotM on the muscular system operates through a channel distinct 

 at which conveys the influence of the will ; and when we con 



; an wen we con- 



bow closely the emotions are connected with the sensations 

 itah excite them, and their close analogy with the instincts of the 

 wer animal., there seems a strong presumption in favour of the idea 

 L the motor nerve* proceeding from tlie sensory ganglia constitute 

 their peculiar instrument of operation on the body. 



A very characteristic example of the immediate dependence of the 

 action of this class U|mn Mnsatioim, ia affuided by the peculiar move- 

 ra.-nt* which are excited by the act o tickling." 



