- .-. 



i L ^fc-_ - - m i _t-Ai^^ ~M ^j^ J *M^A It is throuch 



i aw si e*M^^B t* ii i ^^ K^^^E^ ^ ^* 



safe aaM aawar af sssoetatisa; Idea* thai * k agablsd to separate those 

 tfcsan which eafler. aad toooambiae those thing, which are alike; and 

 taas to Ossaify. aad alao to arrive si geaoral tots, from the in vestitation 

 efapeeialoae*. It is alao by means of this power that hois enabled to 

 r*t ksi idea* iato aew forms, aad to produce those result* which are 



U specially directed to UM changes going 

 r these are produced by objects from 

 of the brain itself, the act is called 

 fction may be either produced by an effort of the 

 _ a* UM reeoU of the irresistible attraction of the 

 of taovsjat goias; on in the cerebrum. Memory occurs 

 a of i.iiisiiuiniu are reproduced by the association of 

 m ef UM exeroie* of this faculty, it would 

 impression is registered in the oerebral 

 of it or not. Thus 



, or K BMJ occur 

 * or tnfa 



for dayi and week*, or eren longer periods, 

 , duly regtered in UWr minds. An extra- 

 ordiaary case of this kiad is related, in which a poor woman, during 

 UM 4WMm of few, was discovered to be repeating passages from the 

 PaabB* In Hrbrrw. Wbsa abc leoovered aha wai quite unconscious 

 ef say knowledge of Hebrew, but in the early part of her life ahe had 

 IrMd fa UM hmily of a clergyman who was in the babit of repeating 

 friMiatlj ! bar hearing part, of the Psalms in Hebrew. In thii 



voluntary, when it U 



I her k 



ciously. 

 or it is 



. without the direct interference of the wilt 



Waea we attend to our own mental operation* a Tory different clan 

 of idea* ie called op from thoee which are produce! by external object*. 

 TUs class of ideas i* oaUraly dependent on UM intellectual power*, and 

 relarloa to sensations, bat are the original aouroe of all our 

 To thi daa of ideal we may refer too Belief* in our own 

 dsesaos, in our part eilenne, aad in oar personal identity ; 

 ' la Uie external and independent existence of the cause* of 

 oar asBsatioB*, UM Belief in an efficient cause for all thing! around us, 

 UM Belief m UM stability of UM order of nature, and in our own free 

 win. Among* thoee elementary mode* of thought which arie from 

 MM ooaetttatioa of oar Brfads wt must rank the idea* of Truth, Beauty, 



aad Right; aad closely connected with these are the ideas connected 

 whh the beiag aad attributes of Deity. 



COM MM saisailnml aad intellectual ideas that brought before the 



idea* thii* brought bef 



are founded. These consist for 



One of UM most interesting aad important points in connection 

 wHh UM raaotioa of the cerebral hemisphere* U the influence of what 

 we can WOt, act only oa UM mteOeetual powers, but on the whole of 



T of any control 

 rUMwOlli 



; alao that of Abstraction, by which we separate and isolate par- 

 lalitie* of aa object; tod Generalisation, by which the qualities 

 of an object or object* which are alike are brought together. 



Oa* of the mo* interesting and 

 with the enaction of i* 



act only 



of the nervous system. We have seen that the function* 

 of UMspmal chord, the medulla oblongata, and the sensory ganglia, 

 ere to a certain extent under the influence of the will, whUst on the 

 eimseintly acting automatically and inde- 

 oa the part of the will What the real 

 is prasawsi a diflUiihy not yet overcome, and perhaps 

 ae*er will be, aad we can oaly speak of the condition* of it* action. 

 In order that UM will may act H app^re mnmssry that there should 

 b n the tret place a distinct idea of UK objeot to be attain*!, and 

 swa4]y, tiMi there should be a belief in the posaibility of attaining 



la, - akl_ ,- * * - a .a . . I .. . ^ 



I* **/ Maw ** eBIHtfJwVeV 



ef liniiltTwk i 

 takVaief the 



oae which Dr. Carpenter has recently pointed out, 

 of UM will in the production of nueenlsr effort may 

 or eaiiulMiUd by the simple Domiaaaoeof Ideas. This 

 sa*a la paras who are whit k osIUd 'sieotro^ologieed,- 

 or ai UM avescarrt* traaee. Penoa* m this *Ute are readily brought 

 of a ssawje Idea. imilllJ by the operator from 



It is also found that, oartarsi paribos, the 

 which the will seta, 1* in proportion to the 

 tioe upon UM effort ft is making. It i* a 



WMCW*, sssa m ejossMojassssi m eae smsaajoa ketng thus oonoentratetL 

 they ar* css^rfe ef|^armiatleasscirsOa^ of which they are 

 eaW.lse aaJto la.se.Ua Jw( a. the will by ft* mflaevoe oaa 

 fvedaa*. by Me aotirtty. a parejyaas] effect on muscular activity, 

 rtetsa; freai eeaotiaaal or oUW nuns, so a domlaaiit idea in Uiis 

 eeajdWa* wal ewUrdy eapareBi UM actioa of UM muscular system. 

 retaeas are toU they eaaaet opea their eye*, and they do not; that 

 faev eaaaet BMTS. and they rmeia ixed. In the condition brought 

 a (7 UM elsMsvMakBjbes, as they eaO tfeMrfsa, sod in theiadoosd 

 thaaef the imnlil, aoM of UM [lausjais eaa be traotd to this 



"""""' T 1 *.?*** 1 *** "*!* 



ooaditioo. but aleo 

 topruduoetbe 

 errmtob. - 



NERVOUS 8YSTKM. 



a condition of the oerebral lobes in which, without the con- 

 nian of the individual, they readily come under the influence of 

 ideas suggested by others from without Secondly, the doniiuancy of 

 these ideas in the mind, so a* to preclude all inteferruce with them on 

 UM part of other idea*. Thirdly, an intensification of the nervous 

 energy in the production of the effects upon the muscular system or 

 wind resulting from the dominaucy of the idea suggested. (Carpenter, 

 ' Human Physiology.' Carpenter, in ' Quarterly Review,' 1854.) 



In states quite independent of those induced for the sake of amuse- 

 ment by electro-biologists and mesmerists, the same condition of the 

 brain comes on. Thus, in what is called Reverie, persons are influenced 

 by external sensations, without the controlling influence of the wilL 

 This is called day-dreaming. What is called Absence of Mind is 

 also a condition in which the mind is acting automatically. Sleep- 

 Walking is also a natural occurrence, and in this state persons display 

 much the same phenomena as under the mesmeric and other influences. 

 [SOUXAMBOLBIL] In Dreaming we have another instance of the same 

 general condition, in which there is no control of the will Hero 

 however the person is under the influence of his own suggestions, 

 although not unfrequently the course of the dream may bo dependent 

 on suggestions from without [SLEEP.] The diseased conditions 

 known as Delirium and Mania are also other instances in which the 

 oerebral lobe* are as it were abandoned to the influence of suggestion, 

 without the control of the will. [INSANITY, in ARTS AND Sr. Div.J 



It is from conditions like these that it is concluded that in aU those 

 states in which the directing power of the will over the current of 

 thought is suspended, the course of action U determined by some 

 dominant idea, which for the time has full possession of the mind, 

 and from which the individual has no power of withdrawing his 

 consciousness. So that we here see that the influence of the idea U 

 similar to that of the sensation, or the excitant in producing move- 

 ments. Dr. Laycock proposes to call actions thus produced Ideo-motor. 

 The following diagram, after Dr. Carpenter, will afford n complete view 

 of this series of actions : 



Tat WILU- 



Cerebrum: Cntre of emotional and ideo- T 

 motor reflection. 



) Senior? Ganglia : Centre of ttnsorio-' 



motor reflection 



) Spinal Chord : Centre of excito-motor 

 j reflection ...... 



Motor 



ImpulM. 



A proper estimate of the functions of the Will will at once show 

 that it is of all the faculties possessed by man the one which most 

 distinguishes him, and influences his character. From it iu a great 

 measure arises his moral and religious character. HU HabiU, his 

 Feelings, hi* sense of Right and Wrong, are dependent for thrir 

 development and their varied character in different individuals upon 

 the way in which they have been acted upon by the will. It is the 

 possession of will that constitutes man a free agent, and gives him 

 the sense of responsibility. 



" From the time when the human being first becomes conscious that 

 he has a power withiu himself of determining the succession of hi* 

 mental states, from that time does he begin to be a free agent ; and 

 in proportion as ha exert* that power, does he emancipate himself 

 from the domination of his constitutional or automatic tendencies. It 

 is a principle now recognised by all the most enlightened educators, 

 that the development of this power of self-control ought to be the 

 objeot of all nursery discipline ; and the process of its acquirement i* 

 very gradual. When an infant is excited to a fit of passion by some 

 unpleasant sensation, it* nurse attempt* to restore it* equanimity by 

 presenting some new objeot to it* attention, so that the more recent 

 and vivid pleasurable impression may efface the sense of past uneasi- 

 ness. As the infant grows into childhood, the judicious parent no 

 longer trusts to mere sensory impressions for the diversion of the 

 psstlonsti excitement, but calls up in its mind such ideas and feeling* 

 a* it is capable of appreciating, and endeavour* to kr. j. t ].,. attention 

 fixed upon these until the violence of the emotion hu subsided ; an. I 

 recourse U bad to the same process whenever it is desired to chock 

 any tendency to action which depends upon the selfish ]ir<i|>nmities 

 apl-eal being always made to the highest motives which the child is 

 capable of recognising, and punishment being only had recourse to for 

 the purpose of supplying an additional set of motives when all others 

 T a time thi* process of external suggestion may need to be 

 continually repeated, whore there are strong impulses whose unworthy 

 character call* for repression ; but if it be judiciously adopted, and 

 otxMUtenlly persevered in, a very slight suggestion serves to recall the 

 superior motive* to UM conflict And in further space, the child 

 oome* to feel that be han himself the power of recalling them, and of 

 controllinc his urgent impulses to immediate action. The power of 

 elf-control, thus usually acquired in the first instance in regard to 

 those inpiiiPe* which directly determine the conduct, gradually extends 

 iUelf to the habitual succession of the thought* ; and in proportion 

 a* this i* brought under the direction of the will, does the individual 



