NEUROPTERA. 



NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 



posterior wings are longitudinally folded, and usually broader than 

 the anterior pair ; the head is small, and furnished with two simpl 

 eyes situated on the vertex, besides the ordinary compound*, eyes 

 the antenna; are very long and thread-like, and composed of ver 

 numerous indistinct joints; the palpi are four in number; the maxil 

 lary palpi have often five joints in the females, and the labial palp 

 are 8-jointed. 



Caddis-Fly (Phryyania) . 



1, Lam of * specie* of Phrygania, magnified; 2, cane Inhabited by the 

 Inrra ; 3, the pupa, magnified ; 4, the perfect inject with the wings expanded ; 

 5, ditto, vita the wing* in the ordinary petition when the insect U at rest. 



The larva, or Caddis- Worm, always lives in the water, and incloses 

 itself in a cylindrical case, open at both ends, and formed of pieces of 

 stick, small shells, and various other substances, which the insect 

 joins together by a silken web. It never quits this case, but when it 

 wishes to move it protrudes the fore part of the body, which ia fur- 

 nished with six tolerably long legs, and crawls about with the case 

 attached to the hinder part, it being held by means of two hooks 

 situated on the last segment of the abdomen. The form of the larva 

 is nearly cylindrical, but slightly compressed. The head and first three 

 segments of the body (which in fact constitute the thorax) are coria- 

 ceous ; the remaining segments are soft. When about to change into 

 the pupa state the larva fixes its tube to some substance in the water, 

 and closes the ends. The transformation is what is termed complete, 

 the pupa resembling the perfect insect, except in having the wings 

 imperfectly developed, and also in having two hooks on the fore part 

 of the head, by means of which it makes its escape from the case, that 

 it may swim to some dry situation when about to assume the perfect 

 iUte. 



The Phryrjanias are very numerous, and M. Pictet states that they 

 abound more in the northern than in the southern parts of Europe. 

 Their larvic being always aquatic, they are generally found near the 

 water ; they fly chiefly in the evening, and are not unfrequently seen 

 in immense numbers. The author just quoted, M. Pictet, has pub- 

 lished a quarto volume with numerous plates, in which, after giving 

 a detailed account of the anatomy and habits of these insects, he traces 

 very many of them through all their stages. In this work, which is 

 one of the most perfect monographs ever published, the Phrygania 

 are divided into eight genera, as follows : 



1. Phrygania proper. Distinguished by the superior wings having 



some transverse nervures near the bifurcation of the principal ner- 



vure*, the posterior wings folded; the antenna; setaceous, and equal 



in length to the wing* ; maxillary palpi but slightly pubescent, those 



males 3 jointed, and those of the female having 5 joints; the 



'I joint is ovate, and shorter than the two preceding taken 



WT. ntsT. r>iT. rot., iv 



together. Of this genus upwards of 30 species are known in Europe, 

 some of which are the largest of the Phryganida;. 



2. Myltacida, Latreille. Anterior wings straight and elongated, 

 having a few transverse nervures; posterior wings much folded; 

 antennae setaceous and slender, longer than the wings ; maxillary 

 palpi 5-jointed in both sexes, long and pubescent. 



3. Trichottoma, Pictet. Anterior wings short, without transverse 

 nervures ; posterior wings but slightly folded ; antennae comparatively 

 thick and short, the basal joint very hairy; maxillary palpi 3-jointed 

 in the male, the terminal joint stout, and more densely clothed with 

 hair on the opical portion than at the base. 



4. Sericostoma, Latreille. Anterior wings without transverse ner- 

 vures ; posterior small, and but slightly folded ; antenna: stout and 

 short, and having the basal joint long and thick ; the maxillary palpi 

 in the male shaped like the bowl of a spoon, and uniting to form a 

 rounded muzzle. The larvae of the species of this genua inhabit a 

 case which approaches to a conical form, and is more or less curved ; 

 it is composed of pieces of sand and small stones joined together. 

 The perfect insect is slow in its movements. 



5. Rliyacophila, Pictet Anterior wings without transverse nervures ; 

 posterior wings straight, of the same form as the anterior pair, and 

 almost destitute of folds ; antenna; moderate ; maxillary palpi 5-jointed 

 in both sexes, the second joint almost as short as the first, and the 

 terminal joint ovate ; abdomen often terminated by coriaceous 

 appendages. This genus contains many species, all of which are of 

 small size. 



6. Hydroptyche, Pictet. Anterior wings without transverse ner- 

 vures ; posterior wings folded ; antennae slender ; maxillary palpi 

 5-jointed in both sexes, the terminal joint almost equal in length to 

 the other joints taken together, and very slender. This is also a 

 numerous group. The larva; live almost always in running waters. 

 The perfect insect is often spotted. 



7. Ptychomyia, Latreille. Anterior wings straight, pointed, and 

 without transverse nervures ; posterior wings resembling the anterior, 

 and not folded ; antenna; moderate ; maxillary palpi 5-jointed in both 

 sexe;, the terminal joint long and slender. 



8. Jlydroptila, Dalman. Anterior wings attenuated and pointed, 

 very hairy, and with the nervures indistinct; posterior wings resem- 

 bling the anterior, not folded ; antennae short and filiform ; maxillary 

 palpi 5-jointed in both sexes, the terminal joint ovate. 



NEUROPTERIS. [COAL-PLANTS.] 



NEUTRIA. [HYSTRiciDJ!.] 



NEWFOUNDLAND DOG, a well-known and fine variety of the 

 Dog, seldom seen in a state of purity, when it is comparatively small, 

 but very muscular and strong, and generally black. The large, and 

 it must be confessed, handsome dogs, which are so often seen in this 

 country, and pass for Newfoundland Dogs (" dogs " it is Colonel 

 Hawker, if we recollect right, who so designates them " as big as a 

 jackass, and as hairy as a bear "), are very different from the compact 

 ind moderate-sized animals which, in their native country, are em- 

 ployed in drawing sledges and little carriages laden with wood, fish, 

 or other commodities. Some of these true Newfoundland Dogs make 

 admirable retrievers. The great and less pure English Newfoundland 

 Dogs, so to speak, are also employed in the field for the same purpose 

 with great success. One of the leading qualities of both, when so 

 jroken in, is the gallant manner in which they will face and penetrate 

 cover, however thick and rough, in pursuit of the lost object. 

 Whether it be furze, bramble, or blackthorn, in they dash, and 

 almost always persevere till they have recovered the lost piece of 

 ;ame. As water-dogs they are above all praise. Their zeal, their 

 devotedness, their entire abandonment of self when they rush to the 

 rescue of some drowning wretch, are admirable ; to be sure, in their 

 eagerness to save, they sometimes encumber those with help who do 

 not need it; and there have been instances where they have nearly 

 destroyed the swimmer by their kindness. Directly they see anybody, 

 ir indeed any animal whatsoever, struggling in the water, in they 

 ump, and seem to think that it is their duty never to leave them till 

 hey have got them out. They have been employed most successfully 

 n wrecks, and will work against the most heavy sea not always with 

 uccess however. There is a case on record where the compact frame 

 and indomitable courage of a bull-dog succeeded in carrying him 

 hrough breakers which proved fatal to the Newfoundland breed. 

 luring a heavy gale a ship had struck on a rock near the land. The 

 nly chance of escape for the shipwrecked was to get a rope ashore, 

 or it was impossible for any boat to live in the sea then running, 

 'here were two Newfoundland dogs and a bull-dog on board. One of 

 he Newfoundland dogs was thrown overboard with a rope tied round 

 ini, and perished in the waves. The second shared a similar fate ; 

 >ut the bull-dog fought his way through that terrible sea, and, arriving 

 afe on shore, rope and all, became the saviour of the anxious people 

 > the wreck. 



The Newfoundland Dog is confiding, very sagacious, and capable of 

 he warmest attachment to his master. The attacks of little dogs are 

 enemlly either coolly looked down upon, as if hardly understood, or 

 reated with marked contempt ; but there are exceptions to this lofty 

 Behaviour. We saw a harmless and very affectionate pug receive his 

 mortal hurt from one of these dogs, and that without the slightest 

 irovocation on the part of the poor little pug. This however was a 



D 



