PALYTHOA. 



PANDA, 



194 



the erstssn not only a genus but a family, which ought to be placed at 

 the e*jd of that of the aquatio Pmtmanala without an operculnm." 



Tbe only specie* known are Ampullattr* areffneja, Quoy (Amptii- 

 tort* unittna. Lam.); and AmptJIoctra frayilii, Quoy (Ampuliari* 

 frffla. Lam.), and another. 



FiaWta (Mullar). Animal with a very distinct bead prolonged 

 into a aort of widened proboscis; tentacle* very long, ubcylindrica], 

 alichtly curving outward*, very much approximated at the base, 

 jiiti.il at tbe extremity ; eye* eeseile at the posterior aide of their 

 base ; foot bUobate anteriorly ; branchial long, pectiniform, more or 

 lea* capable of being exnrtod out of the cavity, which is largely open, 

 and provided at the right of ite inferior edge with a long appendage 

 simulating a third tented* ; male organ retiring within the respiratory 

 cavity. Shell discoid or conoid, umbilicated, the whorls rounded 

 and distinct, the apex mammillatod ; aperture round or nearly round, 

 ite border* united and trenchant Operculum horny, round; ite 

 ntric and circular. 



Mr. Swainaon regard* Valrata a* a aub-grnu* of PaluJina. 



Thi* genus appear* to hare been found at yet in Europe and North 

 America only. M. Deahayea, in bis 'Table*,' make* the number of 

 living specie* four, and name* F. fucinalu at the only specie* living 

 and foa.il (tertiary). In hi* last edition of Lamarck the number of 

 recent specie* recorded U rix. There are 19 foaail species. 



>*. pucimalit. Shell conoid, globoee, (ubtrochiform, umbilicated, 

 white ; whorl* four or fire ; apex of the *pine obtuse. 



r*lrat* rufi*flii, with U. .hell, creeping. 

 a, natural ttie ; >, enlarged. 



r*lmla f itf mala. 



, stoll, aeteral >iae; , e, aufnl&ed ; d, operculum enlarfed; , glutlnou* 

 BSBW of egf. oa a leaf; /, an*, of eft* ealarfed. 



This little abell, which ha* fonr complete whorls, without including 

 the apex, inhabit, rirulete and ponds in England and France, and is, 

 in sll probability, to be found in Europe generally. 



PALYTHOA, a genus of ZoopAyta. 



PAMPAS CAT. [FiLio.*.] 



i'ANAX (intended to be formed from *M>, all, and sxor, a remedy), 

 a gratis of Planta belonging to the natural order Araliacttr. The 

 owen an polygamous, the calyx obsolete and 5-toothed. It has & 

 petal*, 6 etemeos inserted with the petal* under the edge of the disc, 

 and alternate with them. Tbe fruit is succulent, compreseed, orbicular, 

 from 1 to Swelled ; the cells leathery and 1-eeeded. Tbe species are 

 herb, and ahrnbs and tree*, having tbe leave* and inflorescence variable. 



P. i*i*<i*r/olimm, Five-Leaved Panax, or Ginseng, has a fusiform 

 root more or lea* branched, of a whitish colour, and terminating in 

 flbrea. The tern is smooth, round, and green, often with a tinge of 

 red. divided at the top into three petiole* with a flower-stalk in their 

 centre. The petiole* are round, smooth, and swelling at their base. 

 Tbe leave, ternate, quinate, or septenate. Tbe berries are kidney- 

 baped, of a bright red colour, and contain 2 semicircular seeds. The 

 flower* are of a yellowish colour. U is a native of Chinese Tartary 

 aod North America, In China it ha* been considered an invaluable 

 drag from time immemorial. In 1709 the Emperor of China commis- 

 siooed 10,000 Tartars to go in quest of ss much of this root as they 

 could And; each one was to give two pound* of the best of it to the 

 emperor, aod to sell the rert for ite own weight in fine ilvcr. The 

 root* enter into the composition of every Chinese medicine. It i* 

 reckoned a .timnlant and restorative, and both rich and poor consider 

 H a remedy for every dWae*. By European* and American* however 

 * eomparatively disregarded, and looked upon as a mere succulent, 

 stellar is, it. quafitie* to liquorice; hence the question arises, the 

 Ofra.ni Ha** the same a* the North American 1 For we cannot regard 

 all the* the Chine* my and practise a* merely imaginary. The 

 common name of the plant, Gen-Mag, Jinchen, or Nindsin, signifies 

 wonder of the world,' or the dose for immortality ;' and the Chines* 

 flrmly believe that ite power* are almost miraculous. [Gijtuno.1 



/ frmlinnm U also used in China and Cochin-China a* a febrifuge, 

 and a. aa astringent took. It b*a a shrubby unarmed stem, pinnately 

 decompound leave*; petiolate oval oblong leaflets, coarsely and 

 drnteuly .erraUd, the ultimate one* deeply trifid, the panicle corym- 



boae, with the branche* nmbelliferou* at the apex. It U a native of 

 the ialand* of Ternate, Java, and Amboyna. 

 (Lindley, Flora Mtdiea ; Burnett, Outline, of Boiaxy.) 

 PANCRATIUM, a genus of Planta belonging to the natural order 

 A marytlidactir. It ha* a funnel-ehaped flower with a long tube. Six 

 superior sepal*, and a* many itamens, which are inserted on the edge 

 of a 12-cleft membranou* cup. Pistil single. The name wa* applied 

 by the Greek, to some plant allied to S<Ma maritime, but which ha* 

 not yet been made out by botanist*. The name is now applied to a 

 genus of ornamental plant*, found in tbe equinoctial part* both of 

 the old and of the new world, and of which one species extend* to 

 the uoaite of the Mediterranean. They are mostly highly oruamental 

 plant* with white flowers, many of them fragrant ; they are commonly 

 cultivated in stove*, and require a mixture of light loam and rich 

 vegetable mould, with little water when not in a growing state. 



PA'NCREAS is a secreting gland situated behind the stomach and 

 extending from the spleen transversely across the vertebral column to 

 the duodenum. In man it ia of an elongated and slightly flattened 

 form, broadest at ite right extremity, and gradually diminishing in 

 breadth towards the left. It is of a firm consistence, tabulated, and 

 very similar in structure to the salivary glands, from which circum- 

 stance it is often called the salivary gland of the abdomen. It U 

 chiefly composed of the ramifications of the main duct, through which 

 ite secretion is poured into the bile-duct, or into the duodenum by a 

 separate aperture close ta that of the bile-duct [LIVER.] The rami- 

 fications terminate in little follicles, each cluster of which, with its 

 bloodvessels, lymphatics, nerves, and connecting tissue, forms a 

 lobule. It i* in then follicles the pancreatic fluid U formed. This 

 fluid baa the following composition : 



Water 986-40 



Solids: 



Fat 0-26 



Alcohol Extract 0-15 



Albumen 3*09 



f Chlorides "] 

 Alkaline J. Phosphates V ... 8-90 



(.Sulphates J 

 Carbonate and Phosphate of Lime and | ... 



Magnesia ( l 20 



13-60 



1000-00 



The office of this fluid appears to be the emulsifying and rendering 

 absorbable the oily constituents of the food. On this subject M. Ch. 

 Bernard ha* performed many experiments, and hi* conclusions are 

 now very generally admitted as correct. [DiatsrtON.l 



The pancreas is found in ite least developed form in fish, in some of 

 which it consists of simple or slightly branching tubes or sacs, attached 

 to the duodenum very near ite commencement, and commonly called 

 Appendices Pyloricax In the A mphibia and Birds it gradually increases 

 in the complexity of ite arrangement, and it is most compact and 

 most highly developed in the Mammalia. 



PANDA, one of the names of the genus Ailurtu (F. CUT.), an 

 Animal belonging to the class Mammalia and tbe order C'arniVoro. It 

 has the following generic characters : Head (ubglobose, great ; face 

 subrotund, cheeks tumid ; forehead fiat, elongated, broad ; tongue 

 rather rough; snout short, conical, very broad; rictus moderate; 

 rhinarium obtuse ; nostrils terminal ; ears short, acute, distant, villous ; 

 eyes approximated to the rhinarium and placed anteriorly ; maxilla 

 intumescent ; mandible subrecondite ; a few white vibrisanc. Neck 

 short Body large, cylindrical, obese, clothed with a very villous 

 under-fur, and long, equal, rather soft hairs, downy at their base. 

 Tail of the length of the body, very large at the base, cylindrical, 

 aubattenuated at the tip and clothed with very long spreading hair. 

 Feet plantigrade, S-toed ; the soles thickly clothed with a very fine 

 down ; claws falculate, compressed, arcuate, very sharp (retractile). 



Dental Formula : Incisors, 5; Canines, LzJ; Molars, n^ = 86. 

 6 1 1 5 fi 



A. fulgent (F. Cuvicr) is the only species of the genus. It was first 

 described by General Hardwicke, 



" The peculiarities of our animal," says the General, " on which ite 

 rank as a genus depends, are striking and prominent; but its disposi- 

 tion in a natural series is still obscure, as it resembles in several 

 characters the individuals of that subdivision of digitigredc carnas- 

 siers, from which it differs essentially both in ite teeth and in ite 

 plantigrade walk. Among the peculiarities of our animal are to be 

 noticed the great breadth of tbe rostrum and the singular structure of 



I the teeth : but the most remarkable character, and that on which its 

 diitinction principally depends, U the form of the projecting point* 

 of the posterior grinders. This character, a* far as our observation 

 extends, is peculiar ; it does not exist, except in a small degree, in any 

 other genus of carnivorous quadrupeds. The truncation is owing, in 

 our opinion, to original structure, and is not produced by the wearing 

 down of the points. We observe it both in the skull of a young 

 animal and in that of the adult tpecimon from which the annexed 



i drawing was made; and our description is confirmed by a careful 

 comparison of tbe relative elevation of the points of tbe two anterior 



