193 



PAPAVERACE.E. 



PAPILIO. 



19t 



last a short time. Herbaceous plants abounding in milky juice. The 

 species are numerous. 



The English species are distinguished as having a rough and a 

 smooth capsule ; of the former, P. hybridum has an obovate globose 

 capsule, and P. A ryemone, an elongated club-shaped capsule ; of those 

 with smooth capsules, P. Jthaas and P. dubium, the former has a 

 globose and the latter on oblong capsule. 



P. gomniferum, or the White Poppy, is a native probably of Asia 

 Minor, or of some part of the Persian Region of botanists, but haviug 

 been so long cultivated, it is found wild in many parts of Europe. 

 The species is distinguished by its obovate or globular capsules, 

 smooth as well as the calyx, the stem smooth and glaucous, leaves 

 embracing the stem incised and-repand, with subobtuse teeth. There 

 are two distinct varieties, which by some botanists are considered to 

 be distinct species : the dark, the red-flowered, and black-seeded is 

 called by Gmelin P. somniferum ; and the white-flowered with white 

 seeds, P. officinale. The latter i characterised as having an ovate 

 globose capsule ; foramina under the stigma either none or obliterated ; 

 peduncles solitary. The former (P. somniferum) has globose capsule?, 

 opening by foramina under the stigma ; seeds black ; peduncles many. 

 The flowers are usually red of different tints, though sometimes 

 white. Dr. Royle states that he has seen only the white-flowered 

 variety in the plains of India, and the red-flowered in the Himalayas, 

 and both cultivated for the sake of the opium. 



The poppy is cultivated in many parts of Europe on account of its 

 seeds, which yield a bland oil much esteemed in France ; and in this 

 country chiefly on account of the capsules, which are used medicinally. 

 It is extensively cultivated in Turkey and Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia, 

 and India, on account of its inspissated juice, so well known as opium, 

 though this is occasionally prepared also in Europe. 



The cultivation of the poppy is very simple, though the weeding 

 requires care, and the plants must not be crowded too much together. 

 They are carefully watered and manured, the watering being more 

 copious as the period of flowering approaches, and until the capsules 

 are half prown. [OriuM, in ARTS AND Sc. Div.] 



1'APAVERA'CE/E, Poppyicortt, a natural order of Hypogynoua 

 Exogenous Plants. The species are readily known by their deciduous 

 calyx, usually tetramerous flowers, indefinite hypogynous stamens, and 

 parietal placentae ; added to which, they have leaves without stipules, 

 and their stems discharge a turbid white, yellow, or orange-coloured 

 juice when wounded. Their seeds moreover contain a bland oil, 

 lodged in a copious albumen, within which is stationed a minute 

 embryo. They consist for the most part of herbs, which are usually 

 of only annual duration ; but a few are shrubby, the most remarkable 

 case of that kind being a genus called Dmdromecan a native of Cali- 



that in most cases the milky juice is narcotic, and the oil of the 

 seeds harmless. An apparent exception to the latter statement occurs 

 in Aryemone Mexicana, the seeds of which are said to be narcotic, 

 especially when smoked ; but it is probable that iu this case it is in 

 the coats of the seed that the poisonous principle resides, rather than 

 in the oil itself. 



Some Papai-eracece have no petals, as Bocconia, thus corresponding 

 with Tkalictrum and other apetalous Ranunculacece, with which order 

 they are closely connected through Platystemon, a Californian annual 

 with disjointed carpels. They are also related to Nymjthceaceix and 

 Sarraceniacea. The order embraces 18 genera and 130 species. A 

 description of the British species is given under PAPAVEB, GLAUCIUM, 

 MECONOFSIS, RIEMERIA, CHELIDONIUM. 



PAPAW. [CARIOA.] 



PAPAYA'CE^E, Papayads, a small natural order of Exogenous 

 Plants. The species are apparently allied to Cucurbitacece and Paasi- 

 flyracece, with the former of which it corresponds in its gourd-like 

 fruit, with parietal placente, and in its disunited sexes; while it 

 approaches the latter also in placentation, in its superior succulent 

 fruit, and in the structure of its seeds. The order is remarkable in its 

 fructification for having tnonopetalous male flowers and polypetalous 

 females, and in its vegetation for its simple unbranched stems, growing 

 ! only by the gradual development of a terminal bud. The species of 

 ' most importance in this order is the Papaw-Tree, Carica Papaya. 

 [CARICA.] The order as at present constituted contains 8 genera and 

 25 species. 



43 2 



White Poppy (Fapater tomniferum). 



I, the Umeiu and pistil ; 3, a transverse section of the capsule ; 3, a seed ; 

 \, (he same divided, no as to show the embryo. 



ornia, which is a true shrub, with the aspect of a Cittut. The 

 greater part of the species inhabit the temperate parts of the Old 

 World ; but a few also occur in Australia, at the Cape, and in South 

 America. Their active qualities are usually deleterious, but are for 

 the most part of little moment, except in the case of the Paparrr 

 tomnifernm, or Opium Poppy. [I'.U'AVKii.] It is howovcr probublo 

 KAT. uisf. I)iv. VOL. IV. 



Papaw-Tree (Carica Papaya). 



1, a monopetnlous male flower ; 2, a polypetalous female flower ; 3, a ti :iit' - 

 : verse section of the ovary ; 4, a longitudinal section of a seed. 



PAPER-MULBERRY. [BROUSSONETIA.] 



PAPER-NAUTILUS. [OGTOPODA.] 



PAPI'LIO, a genus of Lepidopterous Insects, established by Liu 

 n;i;ux, and divided by subsequent entomologists into many groups and 

 genera. It includes that very natural and beautiful assemblage of in- 

 sects popularly known as Butterflies. The first section of Lepidoptera, 

 named Ithopalocera (club-horned) iu the arrangement of Boisduval, 

 and Diurna iu that of Latreille, corresponds with the Linncoan genus 

 Papilio. Tlie insects composing it have mostly thin and elougated 

 antennae terminated by a club. They are all day-fliers. Their larva), 

 which are variously shaped, liavo six pectoral, eight abdominal, 

 and two anal feet. The pupro are usually angulated and, with a 

 few exceptions, naked. The perfect insect varies in size from less 

 than an inch across the wings when expanded, to nearly a foot in 

 breadth. Equally variable are their colouring aud outlines. They 



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