PAPILIO.XAC K.K 



PARALLEL KOADS OF GLEN HOY. 



M 



M .hotVlived. TtMir power, of flight are very great, and th mode 

 of flht vttfc.iatii.Mv.nl speoiea, Th. mal* in usually more gaily 



Th. arnutfmeat according to natural relation of the species of 

 bsrttsrtks bas been aUenpUd by many naturalist*. Even in the 

 Urn* of UMMNS the nnnilwr and variety of known spec*** wai iuch 



variety 



to subdivide his great gnus Papilio. He 

 MHlitatod fiv. principal group*. Inthefiret of UM*e, named Bqmttt, 

 bo mdwUd MOO batUrfli*. a. have the for* wings longer from the 

 posterior angle to the apex than to the base. In the second, the 

 JftfioMM, the wing* are narrow, entire, and almost naked. The Dana* 

 ban also entire wing*. The XympkoJtt have dentated wing* ; and the 

 group of Plttrii is competed of small species, whose Urvn are usually 

 abort and thick. 



Dr. Honfield has proposed an arrangement of these insect* into 

 * group* or stupes, characterised by tie peculiarities of the larva;. 

 He name* the first stirps Vermiform, the second luliform, the 

 third Scolopendriform, the fourth Thysanouriform, and the fifth 

 Anopl urifonn. 



IVriup* the mo*t valuable arrangrment of the Diurnal Lepidoptera 

 i* that proposed by M. Boisduval, who divide* them into three great 

 MctioM sad fifteen tribe*, as follows, founding his classification upon 

 the character, of the larva : 



Section I. Z*tci*<-ii. 



Chrysalis attached by the tail, and also girt. 

 A. Six feet in both sexes : caterpillars elongated. 

 Tribe 1. Papilionida. 



2. Pieridtt. 



11. Six feet in both texe* : caterpillars short. 

 Tribe 3. Kumenidei. 

 4. Lyccnult*. 



C. The male* with four fret, the females with six. Caterpillars short. 



Tribe 6. KrycinitUt. 



D. Four feet in both sexes : caterpillars elongated. 



Tribe 6. Pcridromide*. 

 Section IL Stupmii. 

 Chrysalis suspended by the tail only. 

 .1. Unguen of tarsi simple. Four feet in both sexes. 

 Tribe 7. Danaidtt. 

 8. 



II. I 'agues of tarsi strongly bifid. Four feet in both sexes. 

 Tribe 0. Xym t ,kal<dtt. 



10. Braaolide*. 



11. Morpkidtt. 



12. SalyriJet. 

 18. JliblUla. 



C. The males with four feet, the females with six. Caterpillars 



elongated. 

 Tribe 14. LHytkida. 



Section HI. Jnroluii. 

 Chrysalis inclosed in a cocoon. 



Tribe 15. BaperitU*. 



(Me Boiadural in the Su d Stiffon and his otlier works; Wood, 

 Imtu &*molyic* ,.- Horsfleld, Catalog*, of Lcpidoptera in the 

 Miunm./ik, JMJMfa Company; andVestwood's Modern Ctauifi. 

 / e/ /-ctj, wher. an enumeration of the principal treatises on 

 buttorflie* may be (bond.) 



1'APILIUNA'CK.K, a fanciful name given to the principal division 

 r MnBtoottS IlanU, from an imaginary resemblance between their 



^P-APPTO* ^CA?' "' Blltter * J - t FU>WKR ; LMUM1SOS.E.] 



1 Al'TTtUS, genus of Plsnta belonging to the natural order 

 CVfWMM. This generic term ha, been derived from the name of a 

 wUr plant, whom soft cellular flower-stem afforded the most ancient 

 J from which paper was prepared, and our Engli.li word paper 

 is derived from it. ft has a .Urn from 3 to feet high, with 8 acute 



, acue 



01, of which, according to Bruce, is always opposed to the 

 f the stream in which it grows, a* if to break iU force. IU 



"" ^SLflr?'*' wtth lba n > keel - The flower . whicb re 



I In very largo compound umbels, with extremely 

 Doping triangular alcnder ra<lii, terminated by very lon K 



^ fSfiSlSrSZ**! which ' re P 1 * * 1 "'Fik" o K f 

 *mri,.enootUtiDg of from 6 to 18 florets. It baa bean regarded 

 p-cfas of Cfpmu, and railed C. Papyr*,. It is alw considered 



*i V nd 8jrrta and ' al " met with in 



; in garden* it is not uncommon. It inhabit* both 



Tl "^ 7^? ~^ " <>dl '' Ie P ! n^''tly of it* ancient 

 the fabrication of paper, has been applied to other 



' 11 ** " > h "* i "* twUu>d into ~P"; > 



11 ''' '*' 'ood. In Aby^ima boat. 

 i^ according to Bruce, In Syria the plant is 



PARACENTR03TOMATA. (EciiixiD*.) 



PARACEPHALOPHORA. [MALACOIXXIT. I 



PARADISK, GRAINS OF. [AMOMOM.] 



PARADISKA. IBiRM or P.MIADIBC.] 



PARADOXI'DES. [TRii.oiiura.1 . 



PARAGUAY TEA. [!LM; TEA PAIUQCAT.] 



PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN K-V. Glen Roy and several 

 other valleys of the Highlands of Scotland exhibit very distinctly a 

 series of parallel and nearly horisxratal lines, embracing the sides of 

 the hills and entering many of the lateral glens, at levels from a few 

 to several hundred feet above the general bed of the valley. The 

 nature of these terraces, or roads, has been the subject of much dis- 

 cussion amongst geologists, of which we propose to give an outline. 



Glen Roy is a valley in the district of Lochaber, whose head-waters 

 gather on a wild mountain tract near the source of the Spey. The 

 water of Roy runs nearly south, and joins the Spean, which turns 

 westward to enter the Great Valley of Scotland, below the south- 

 western extremity of Loch Lochy. Passing from Fort William to the 

 foot of Glen Roy, we have porphyry, gneiss, mica-schist, primary lime- 

 stone, and uuartz-rock, much disguised by diluvial accumulations. 

 Glen Roy divides, not indeed exactly, the mica-schist and gneUs 

 systems, the former predominating on the western and the latter on 

 the eastern side. About the source of the Spey is a limited tract of 

 granite ; and the low summit of drainage between Glen Roy and Glen 

 Spey is formed of this rock. From this flat and boggy summit thu 

 descent is gradual to Loch Spey on the east, and sudden into Glen 

 Roy on the west. Upper Glen Roy, as MacCulloch terms the part 

 near the head, is an oval valley, about four miles in length and one or 

 more in breadth, and bounded on two opposite sides by high moun- 

 tains, yielding two streams from the north-west and south-east, which 

 meet near the middle of the valley. From their junction the united 

 water of Roy flows in a gradual manner to the south-west for about 

 two miles, when the valley contracts to a low rocky pass, in which the 

 river runs a troubled course, and then emerges into the wide and long 

 and rather sinuous valley of Lower Glen Roy. At the extremity of 

 the rocky gorge which separates the upper from the lower glen, 

 MacCulloch directs attention to a remarkably flat rock ; and observes 

 that above this gorge, in Upper Glen Roy, no distinct terrace or shelf 

 was seen, but a line was noticed extending from near the junction of 

 the streams which form the Roy towards Loch Spey ; and it was proved 

 by the spirit-level that this line was level with the remarkable flat rock 

 at the gorge which terminates Upper Glen Roy, and also with the 

 uppermost of three such lines, terraces, or shelves in Lower IJlirn 

 Roy. Passing from Upper to Lower Glen Roy, the single line of 

 Upper Glen Roy ascends from the valley, and girdles the sides of the 

 hills, right and left, with seemingly higher and higher sweeps, and i* 

 followed by two other perfectly parallel and equally continuous lower 

 lines, till Glen Roy expands into Glen Spean. Here the two II]>IKT 

 lines end ; but the lower one appears on the north and south sides of 

 Glen Speau as far towards the source of the river Spean as the singular 

 pass of Muckul, and turns southward a little way up the i iull.au 

 River, and still farther along the sides and round the head of Loch 

 Trcig. In a westward direction this lino continues down <;ini 

 Spean on both sides, about half the distance from the Roy to the 

 Lochy, and then ceases; nor has it been noticed in the Great Valley 

 between Fort William and Inverness. Another line however, a few 

 feet higher than the highest in Glen Roy, appears in the upper part* 

 of Glen Gluoy, which, running parallel to Olen Roy, enters l., h 

 Lochy. Mr. Darwin notices a line in another smaller tributary to 

 Loch Lochy, near Kilfinnin ; and describes a short terrace which 

 appears on the south side of Loch Spey, about sixty feet above that 

 hike, and higher than the highest terrace of Glen Roy. Sir D. Brew- 

 ster has also observed shelves resembling those of Glen Roy in a part 

 of the valley of the Spey, several miles below its source. 



The elevation of these lines above the sea is known approximately, 

 but not with the exactness demanded by a phenomenon so curious in 

 itself and o fertile of subjects for geological speculation. In the 

 following table we have combined the statements of MacCulloch, Sir T. 

 L. Dick, and Mr. Darwin. The last writer thinks Dr. MacCulloch's 

 measures of the terraces in Glen Roy 100 feet in excess : 



Jlclatirc lei-fit of the rurioiii Una in Scotland. 



Darwin. Dick. MacCulloch. 

 South of Loch Spey 



Killinnin 



Glen Gluoy . 



Upper Terrace, Glen Roy . 



Middle Terrace, Olen Roy 



Lower Terrace, Glen Roy . 



lx>ch Lochy . 



The sea at Ix>ch Mil . 



1202 



293 



280 

 200 

 



1162 



82 

 



1302 

 1274 

 1262 

 1182 

 1172 



The lines, shelves, or terraces (for each of these names is locally 

 appropriate) must not be confounded with the more ordinary occur- 

 renccii of short successive level terraces of gravel, or with th longer 

 declining gravel-bank* which margin the sides of many valleys where 

 they pass from the mountains to plain countries or the sea; they 

 hould be distinguished also from the similar little terrace-heaps which 

 often appear at the summits of drainage in mountain countries. Such 



