PHYLLO8OMA. 



PHYSALIS. 



el tMr tenet*, to a large flabellifonu appendage, which U analogous 

 10 UM external branch of the thoracic feet of tfi Myaians, but which 

 tekea Hi origin much farther from UM body. The abdomen U slender. 

 and ooMtiiMa rudimentary ; in general, neverthele**, it it terminated 

 by a no eompoeed of fire blade* disposed in fan hape, aa in the 

 family of the Cari.loida. The falae feet are alwayi more or leu 



P. davieorne, from the tea* of Africa and Aaia, U another example 

 of this section. 



do not present any organ* which can be con- 

 as branchiae ; some naturalist* give this name to the ciliated 

 appendage* which represent* the palp of the thoracic feet, but with- 

 out resting this conclusion on any fact ; and M. Milne-Edwards is 

 disposed to believe that respiration i* carried on by means of the 

 general surface of the body. (' Histoire Naturelle dee CrustaccV) 



M. Milne-Edwards, whose definition of this family we bare above 

 given, make* it consist of two genera only, Phyllotoma and Amfhion. 

 He observes that the Phyllotvmata are easily recognised by their 

 foliaceou* carapace, which leave* part of the thorax exposed. In 

 AmfJtion, the carapace hides the thorax entirely. 



PkfUotoma (Leach). This, one of the most remarkable genera 

 known, is composed of animals whose body is so much flattened, that 

 there is scarcely an interval between the tegument* of the upper and 

 lower surface*, so that it U difficult to comprehend how the viscera 

 are there lodged. This lamellar body is divided into three distinct 

 parts ; the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. 



The bead ha* the form of a delicate disc or of an ordinary oval 

 leaf, and only adhere* to the thorax by it* central portion, so that the 

 bordrrs all round are free. This species of buckler is wide and 

 horiaontal ; at it* anterior extremity it gives insertion to the eyes and 

 to the antenna*. The eyes spring near the median line, and are 

 globular; they are carried on slender, cylindrical, and very long 

 peduncle*. 



The thorax U lamellar like the carapace, and constitutes a second 

 bucklrr, the anterior portion of which only is covered by the firat of 

 these foliaceous discs. It is in general wider than it is long, and 

 striated transversely, but it presents no trace of a division into rings. 

 The feat are inserted all round the disc. The disposition of the 

 abdomen varies : sometimes it is elongated, divided into very distinct 

 rings, and perfectly distinct from the thorax which covers its base ; 

 sometimes it is confounded with the buckler, and only seems to be a 

 prolongation of it. 



The nervous system of the Phylloiomata presents a remarkable 

 mode of conformation ; the mas* formed by the cephalic ganglion is 

 situated near the base of the antenna, and communicates with the 

 thoracic ganglions by means of two very long chords. The thoracic 

 ganglions are not united on the median line, but communicate with 

 each other by transversal commissures : there are nine pairs. The 

 abdominal ganglions are very small, and amount to six pairs. The in- 

 testine seems to be straight, and in the interior of the cephalic buckler 

 are to be perceived a great number of vessels which diverge laterally. 



The specie* are found in the tea* of warm countries. M. Milue- 

 Edwards remarks, that were it not for the beautiful blue of their eyes, 

 they would not be perceived as they float on the surface of the water, 

 o transparent are their bodies. The tea* of Africa and India, Australia 

 and New Guinea furnish the greatest number of specie*. M. Milne- 

 Edward* divide* the genus into the three following natural groups : 

 1. Ordinary PhyUoiomata. 



Abdomen very distinct from, the thorax, large, divided into rings, 

 and terminated by a well-developed caudal fin. 



The Pkfilofomata of thia division approach, more than the others, 

 the Caridoids and the Amphionn, for their abdomen, though flattened, 

 much reeemblse that of the Shrimp* (Salicoo^a). 



/>. cvmwK ha* the cephalic plate lea* than the thoracic plate, covering 

 UM base of UM second pair of feet (or external iaw-feet), elongated, 

 and narrowed forwards. External antenna; tyliform, much longer 

 than the ocular peduncles, and composed of five joints (without 

 reckoning UM peduncle that support* them, and which is only a pro- 

 longation of the border of the carapace), of which the third is very 

 small, UM fourth shorter than the ocular peduncle, and the last nearly 

 half UM length of the preceding, and not convex. 



It inhabits the sea* of Africa and India. 



Phj/lloioma clwifornt. 



The other two sections consist of those Phyttotomata whose abdomen 

 is intimately united with the thorax, without well distinguished 

 divisions, and terminated by a very small caudal-fin. 



2. Short-Tailed Phylloeomata. 



Abdomen in general rudimentary and lodged in the middle of a 

 jreat notch on the posterior border of the thorax. 



/'. lattcorne and /'. brcricornc, the eyes and antenna; of which are 

 represented below, are examples of this section. 



a, Eves and Anlcnnt' of Fhylloioma latitornr ; b, Kyen and Antennif of 

 I'liyl/otoma brericorne. The Ant of three fpccifs is found In the Indian Scu, 

 and the second in the seas of Africa and Asia* 



3. Broad-Tailed Phylloiomata. 



Abdomen large, triangular, and occupying the whole length of the 

 posterior border of the carapace. 



P. tfiinotum (Azores) and P. Mcditerrantum (Mediterranean), Ac., 

 are examples of this section. 



Amphion (Milne-Edwards). M. Milne Edwards states that the 

 C'nulacea which ho has designated under the name of Amphion 

 approach nearer to the PhyUotomala than any of the other Sterna- 

 pods, but in some respect* they resemble also the genera A lima and 

 Mytit; and he is of opinion that they establish the natural passage 

 between these animals. Their cephalic buckler or carapace is folia- 

 ceous, like that of the Phylloiomata, whilst the form of the abdomen 

 and the caudal-fin is that of Mytit. 



The only species known, Amjihiun Reynaudii, was taken at sea in 

 the Indian Ocean by M. Keynaud, naval surgeon. Its length is about 

 an inch, and its teguments, with the exception of those of the abdomen 

 are diaphanous. 



(/tiitoire NaturdU da Cnutacft.) 



PHYLLOSTOMA. [CHEIROPTERA.] 



PHYSA. [LuiXJEADx.] 



PHYSALIA. [ACALBTU*.] 



PHY'SALIS (from 4>0<ra, a bladder, in reference to the inflated 

 calyx), a genus af Plant* belonging to the natural order Solanacctr. 

 It has a 5 toothed calyx ; a campanulato rotate 5-lobed corolla ; con- 

 verging anther* opening longitudinally; a capitate stigma; smooth 

 2-celled berry, covered with the angular membranous inflated calyx. 

 The species are annual or perennial herb*, rarely shrubs. 



/'. tomnifcra has several shrubby branched stems, round and downy. 

 The leaves are in lateral pairs, short-stalked, ovate, downy, and from 

 two to four inches long. The flowers are axillary, subaessile, small, 

 crowded, and of a greenish-yellow or white. The l><-rry is red and 

 smooth, and about the lize of a pea. This plant is the Srpvxvor 

 inmrratit of Theophrastus ('Hist. Plant.,' 9, 12); and the 2Tp6x<">r 

 oAutoxo&jK of Dioscoride* (4, 72). It is a native of rocky places in 

 the south of Europe and the East Indies. It is reputed to be narcotic, 

 diuretic, and alexipharmic. The leaves steeped in oil are in India 

 applied to inflammatory tumour*, and tliey are used in a similar way 

 in Egypt Kunth recognised this plant in Egyptian mummies. 



P. Alkekenyi, the Winter Cherry, is an herbaceous downy plant, with 

 a perennial creeping root ; ovate deltoid leaves ; spotless flower*, ovate 

 coloured calyx, and subulate segments. It is a native of Europe ou 



