Sil 



PILUMNl'S. 



PINNOTHERUD.E. 



Ill 



PILUMNUS <Leah), a genus of Hmchyurous Cruttafta. This 

 K*OIM wy much resembles the Crab* properly to called ; bat differs 

 from them principally in the number of pieces in the abdomen of the 

 male, and is moored from them (till further by the mode of insertion 

 of tHs) external antennas. 



PUwmmtu kirUtttu, Leach (Cancer kirttltut, Linn.), i found on the 

 ijinats of England and Franco ; generally found under stoned. 



(Leach, Malac. Brit., t. 12; Penn., BHl. ZooL, yoL iv. pi. 6, lower 

 figure.) 



riMKI.ITK. [NlcKEul 



PIMKNTA. or PIMENTO. [EcoKMA.] 



PIMPERNEL. [AjUOAUa.] 



P1M PIN ELLA, a genus of Umbelliferous PlanU inhabiting the 

 meadows and mountain* of Europe principally, in chiefly interesting 

 on account of it* comprehending among it* species the Anise of the 

 shops. This plant is an annual, with a smooth stem one to one and 

 a half foot high ; the lower leaves roundish, cordate, lobed, and both 

 sell at ed and cut; those of the stems pinnated with wedge-shaped 

 lanceolate segment*, and the upper trifid, with the lobes undivided 

 and linear. The flowers are email and white. The fruit is narrow, 

 lender, rather hairy, with five filiform ridges to each mericarp. The 

 latter U employed extensively as a carminative medicine, and for the 

 purpose of flavouring liqueur*. The plant inhabits Egypt and the 

 Ulands of the Grecian Archipelago, especially Scio. 



PINACK.K. [CosiFKBi] 



HNE. [Pijfi-s.] 



PINK -APPLE. [A.VANASSA; BuomUAOUk] 



PINU riXTLA. a genus of PlanU belonging to the natural order 

 I*xl>b*lariact(t. It has a 2-lippcd calyx, the lower lip bifid, the upper 

 one of three segments. The corolla ringent and spurred. 



/'. rulyarii has a subulate spur shorter than the link of the corolla, 

 whose segment* are very unequal, oblong, obovate, rounded, separated, 

 entire. The leaves are all radical, fleshy, and covered with minute 

 crystalline point*, pale-green ; and when the plant U gathered, they 

 curve back so as to hide the root. The flowers are purple. It is found 

 in bogs in England. 



/'. yramdijlora has a spur whose segments are very unequal, 

 broadly obovate, rounded, contiguous ; the middle one of the lower 

 lip notched. This is much larger than the former species : the flowers 

 are large, of a deep purple colour. It is found iu Ireland about Kerry 

 and Cork. 



P.alputa is known by its conical spur being shorter than the unequal 

 limb of the corolla, and curved upwards. The flower is small and 

 yellowish. It U found in Skyc and Rosa, 



P. I.iuitanica has a cylindrical spur, obtuse, clecurved, shorter than 

 the nearly equal limb of the corolla ; the capsules globose, scape downy. 

 It is found in the western parts of this country. These species derive 

 their common name (Butterwortu) from the greasy appearance of their 

 foliage. Like other marshy plants they have been said to produce 

 fluke* in the rheep that feed upon them. This however is attributable 

 rather to the larvio of the fluke, which adhere to the leaves of plants 

 in marshy district*, and are thus taken in by the animal, than to any 

 peculiarity in the J'inyuicul<r. When mixed with cow's milk, the juice 

 of this plant acts like rennet and produce* a curd ; but Linnanis says 

 that when rein-deer's milk is poured on the leaves warm, and allowed 

 to stand for a day or two, it becomes acescent, acquires consistence, 

 neither the cream nor serum separates, and it is much esteemed by the 

 Swedes and Norwegians. 



(Burnett, Oultina of Botany; Habiugton, Manual of Briluk 

 Botany.) 



PINUUITE. [Iiiox.] 



PIXITE, a Mineral which occurs in imbedded crystals. Primary 

 form a rhomboid, but generally found in hexagonal prisms. Cleavage 

 parallel to the lateral faces of the prism. Fracture indistinct, uneven. 

 Hardnesa, scratches gypsum, is scratched by flour spar. Colour reddish, 

 grayish, and grayish-red. Lustre slightly rexiuous. Opaque, Specific 

 gravity 278 to 2 ft). 



IWore the blow-pipe on charcoal it whitens, fines on the edges, and 

 yields a white glass with bubbles ; with borax it fuses with difficulty 

 into a transparent glass, coloured by iron. The Saxon variety is 



It is found in Saxony, France, England, in some other part* of 

 Europe, and in North America. 

 According to Ornelin, the PiniU of St-Pardoux in Franco con- 



jt* of 



Silica 55-864 



Alumina 25-480 



Potash ....... 7-881 



8d . . 0-888 



Peroxide of Iron 5-512 



Magnesia, with Manganese . . . 3-760 



M'ater, with Animal Matter . . . 1-410 



100-400 



JK. [CAkXATIOK; CARTOrllTU.ACF..ti; DlAXTHUS.] 

 PI NK, a name for the Minnow. [LKUCISCTS.] 

 PINK r.SDKHWISG. lCAM.moHniA.1 

 PINNA. [Muini-..] 

 PINNUTIIE'Hlin.E, a family of the Bracbyurom Owtacco (Cola- 



mttoptt), called PinnotherUns by M. Milne-Edwards, and known by the 

 common name of Pea-Crabs. 



They are small crustaceans whose carapace is nearly circular, and 

 whose teguments exhibit considerable softness. Their eyes are in 

 general very small, and the disposition of their front and their antenna) 

 varies, as also their external jaw-feet, which present remarkable ano- 

 malies. Their feet are short or of moderate length, and are in general 

 very weak. The abdomen of the male is much narrower at it* base 

 than the corresponding part of the sternal plastron. 



But it is the singular habits of these crustaceans which especially 

 demand attention ; for they ordinarily are housed between the mantlo- 

 lobes of certain ConchiferaHytiltu, Pinna, Mactra, ftc., for example. 



M. Milne-Edwards arranges in this small group the genera Pinna- 

 Hurt*, Doto, Mictyrii, J/ymenotoma, and EUanena ; but he acknow- 

 ledges that this tribe is not so natural as might be desired, and that 

 hereafter perhaps the necessity for subdividing it may arise. 



Pinnathtra (Latreille). Body circular and rounded above; front 

 not soldered to the epistome ; eyes vary small, orbits nearly circular ; 

 internal antennco of the ordinary form, and the fosscts which lodgo 

 them scarcely separated from each other; external antenna) short, 

 occupying the internal angle of the orbit. Buccal frame very wide 

 backwards, and describing a semicircle forwards. External jaw-feet 

 placed very obliquely ; their enlarged and valvular portion is formed 

 entirely by their third joint, which is very large, whilst tho second is 

 rudimentary ; the fourth joint is inserted at the summit of the pre- 

 ceding, and the fifth, which is tolerably developed, is articulated 

 with the sixth by the middle of it* internal border, so that it is placed 

 nearly Uke the thumb of the didactylous claws. The sternal plastron 

 is very wide, and iu the male the apertures of the organs of genera- 

 tion occupy its last segment. The feet are moderate. The abdomen 

 of the male is small, whilst that of the female is ordinarily very con- 

 vex, and much larger tlian the eternal plastron. (M. Milne-Edwards.) 



View of the under side of the upper part of finnothcret, eye*, jaw-feet, Sic., 

 seen from below and magnified. (Milne-Kdwards.) 



Mr. J. V. Thompson was the first who pointed out the interesting 

 fact that the species, in the early stages of their existence, have a very 

 elongated abdomen which is terminated by a fin, the carapace armed 

 with three spiniform prolongations, very large eyes, and natatory feet ; 

 in short that it then bears the greatest resemblance to Zoea. 



These curious animals were known to the ancient*, who were not 

 ignorant of their connection with the Pinna. The Greeks named 

 them niworijpaj and Tltwo<fiv\at. (Arist, ' Hist Aniiu.' v. xv.) Oppian 

 ('Halieut,' ii. line 186, et scq.) treat* the connection as a sort of 

 partnership for obtaining prey. The Pinnottra of Pliny (' Nat. Hist..' 

 ix. xxxi.), described as harbouring in the empty shells of oysters, and 

 as migrating to others when it increased in growth, appears to have 

 been more applicable to the Paguriu of tho moderns ; but the same 

 author, in the 42nd chapter of the same book, " De Pinna, et Pinnotere, 

 et aquatilium sensu," uses the terms Piunoteres and Pinuophylax to 

 designate the Crab which resides in the shell of the Pinna. 



Among the modems Hasselquist has given one of the best accounts 

 of th" habits of the genus. In a letter to Linnaeus, dated "Sinyin.i, 

 December 16, 1749, he says, "The/'inno muricata, or Great Silk 

 Muscle, is here found in the bottom of the sea iu large quantities, 

 being a foot long. The 'OKrunrtiSia, or Cuttle-Fish with eight amis, 

 watches the opportunity, when the muscle opens her shell, to creep in 

 it and devour her; but a little crab, which has scarcely any shell, or 

 has at least only a very thin one, lodges constantly in this shell-fish ; 

 she pays a good rent by saving the life of her landlady, for she keeps 

 a constant look-out through the aperture of the shell, and on seeing 

 the enemy approach, she begins to stir, when the film (for so tho 

 Gseeks call the shell) shuts up her house, and the rapacious animal is 

 excluded. I saw this shell-fish first at the island of Milo, and found 

 such a little crab in all I opened : I wondered not a little what was 

 her business there ; but when I came here, I was first informed of it 

 by the secretary of our consul, Mr. Justi, a curious and ingenious man, 

 who has travelled much, and lived long in this place. This was after- 

 wards confirmed by several Greeks, who daily catch and cat both there 

 animals." 



M. Milne-Edwards remarks that tho distinction of tho species of 

 this genus is difficult, inasmuch as that the principal differences to be 

 remarked in the greater part of them do not cxint in both sexes, aud 

 are often of the nature of those which arc modified by age. 



/'. 1'itum, the Pea-Crab. Carapace soft; front projecting in tho 

 male, not reaching beyond the curved line formed by the anterior p.-u-t 

 of the carapace in the female. Inferior border of the hands ciliated. 

 Length : female, 4 lines ; male, 2 lines. 



This species is very common in Mylilnt tdulii on the coasts of 

 England and France. Leach, 'Mulac. IJrit," t 14, f. 2, 3 (female) ; 

 P. variant of the same work, 1. 14, f. 10 and 1 1 (male) ; P. LatreillU of 

 the same work, U 14, f. 7 and 8 (young fvuinle.) (M. Edwards.) 



