357 



PINUS. 



PIPER. 



358 



very long (5 or 6 inches). Cones roundish-ovate, in pairs, with pro- 

 minent rounded scales, armed with a firm short brittle prickle. An 

 obscure species. Found in America. 



26. P. ponderosa, the Heavy-Wooded Pine. Trunk very rugged, 

 and irregularly branched. Leaves 3, very long and strong. Cones 

 small, oblong, with strong pyramidal scales terminated by a small 

 recurved prickle. A large tree, with the habit of the Coraican Pine. 

 Found hi North- West America. 



27. P. Sabiniana, the Sabine Pine. Trunk straight, erect; the 

 young shoots covered by a glaucous bloom. Leaves 3, very long and 

 lax, glaucous, and serrated. Cones very large, roundish ovate, with 

 large pyramidal hooked scales. A noble Californian tree. The wood 

 is white, soft, and not durable. 



28. P. Coulteri, the Coulter Pine. Trunk straight, erect ; the young 

 shoots covered with a glaucous bloom. Leaves 3, very long and stiff, 

 glaucous, and serrated. Cones very large, oblong, with long wedge- 

 shaped rigid woody horned scales. A fine tree, from California. 



29. P. longifolia, the Long-Leaved Pine. Trunk erect, with a coarse 

 rugged bark, and whorled branches. Leaves very long, drooping, 

 slender, bright-green, channelled, and serrated. Cones shorter than 

 the leaves, oblong-ovate, woody, and rugged, with pyramidal obtuse 

 mucronate corky recurved scales. Seeds large, eatable. An Indian 

 species, inhabiting the valley and lower hills of Nepaul. 



30. P. Gerardiana, the Neoza Pine. Trunk lofty, with a conical 

 head. Leaves 3, short, stiff, glaucous, obsoletely serrated, with 

 deciduous sheaths. Cones very like those of P. longifolia. Seeds 

 large, eatable. A native of the coldest forests of the Himalayas. 



c. Leaves in fives. 

 * Scales of Cones spineless at apex. 



31. P. ovocarpa, the Egg-Fruited Pine. Leaves 5, slender, from 8 to 

 11 inches long. Cones roundish, ovate, polished, hard, with truncated 

 scales. Found in the pine-region of Mexico. 



32. P. leiophylla, the Smooth-Leaved Pine. Leaves 5, very slender, 

 3 or 4 inches long, rough-edged, light green. Conea ovate, 2 inches 

 long, on a short stalk, with truncate depressed scales, a little hollowed. 

 An inhabitant of the cold regions of Mexico. 



33. P. Montezuma, the Montezuma Pine. Leaves 5, rather rigid, 

 rough-edged, about 6 inches long. Cones ovate, oblong, bright-brown, 

 about as long as the leaves, with elevated rugged truncated scales. 

 A native of the mountains of Mexico. 



34. P.jilifolia, the Thread-Leaved Pine. Leaves 5, from 12 to 15 

 inches long, acutely triangular. Cones sessile, ovate-acuminate, woody, 

 hard, curved, 9 inches long, 3 inches in diameter at the base, with 

 lozenge-shaped pyramidal depressed scales, and a hard woody com- 

 pressed callous mucro in the middle. A noble pine, found in 

 Guatemala by Mr. Hartweg. 



35. P. Acapulceruit, the Acapulco Pine. Leaves 5, thin, short, very 

 glaucous, as well as the shoots. Cones pendulous, ovate, acute, 

 whorled, with pyramidal erect tapering scales, often contracted in the 

 middle. Found in Mexico. 



36. P. Paciuloatrobim, the False Weymouth Pine. Leaves 5, very 

 fine, and glaucous. Cones ovate, whorled, horizontal, about 4 inches 

 long, by an inch and a half in breadth over the middle, with pyramidal 

 erect scales. A Mexican pine. 



37. P. Kutselliana, the Bedford Pine. Leaves 5, very long. Cones 

 tapering, horizontal, a little drooping, nearly straight, from 7 to 8 

 inches long, about 2 inches wide near the base, and almost acute at 

 the upper end, with pyramidal straight obtuse scales. A native of 

 Mexico near Real del Monte. 



38. P. Devoniana, the Devonshire Pine. Leaves 5, very long. Cones 

 pendulous, solitary, horn-shaped, from 9 to 10 inches long, about 



3 inches in diameter near the base, and tapering to If inches, with 

 rounded obtuse polished scales. It is called in Mexico Pino bianco or 

 P. real, forming a high tree 60 or 80 feet high, between Keal del 

 Monte and Regla. 



39. P. Hartwegii, tho Hartweg Pine. Leaves 4, very slender, about 6 

 inches long. Cones pendulous, oblong, obtuse, clustered, about 



4 inches long, with depressed truncated scales, having a projecting 

 callosity in the middle. It is a Mexican tree, 40 or 50 feet high. The 

 cones are of a clear grayish-brown, and of nearly the same diameter 

 throughout. 



** Scales of Cones spiny at apex. 



40. P. occidental!!, the West Indian Pine. Leaves 5, palo green, 

 slender, much longer than the cones. Conea ovate-oblong, obtuse, 

 stalked, with rounded angular prominent scales, tipped by a sharp 

 prickle. It is a native of St. Domingo. 



41. P. macrophyUa, the Long-Leaved Pine. Leaves 5, form 14 to 15 

 inches long. Cones straight, horizontal, ovate, tapering, solitary; 

 or 7 mi-hen long, and about 3 inches broad at the base, with tho 

 ends of the scales strongly hooked backwards. It is a small tree from 

 the north of Mexico. 



Dlv. II. Scales of Cones flat, and compressed at the apex. 



42. P. Cembroida, or P. Llaveana, the Mexican Cembra. Leaves 3, 

 short, tufted, glaucous, and twisted. Cones small, roundish-ovate, 



rd, with elevated roundish obtvue icales. Seeds large, eatable. It 



is a small Mexican tree, occurring in large forests, and producing 

 seeds similar to those of the Stone and Neoza Pines. 



43. P. Cembra, the Cembra Pine. Tree erect, conical. Leaves 5, with 

 no sheath, short, stiff, glaucous-green. Cones ascending, oblong, about 

 the length of the leaves, with thin callous-pointed scale's. Seeds large, 

 without wings. It is a tree of considerable size, inhabiting the sides 

 of mountains in Siberia, Tartary, Switzerland, and Italy. 



44. P. Strobus, the Weymouth Pine. Trunk erect, very long. 

 Leaves 5, slender, bright green, without sheaths. Cones narrow, long, 

 pendulous, from 5 to 6 inches long, with thin ovate callous-pointed 

 scales. It is a native of Canada. 



45. P. exceUa, the Lofty Pine. Trunk erect, very lofty. Leaves 5, 

 bright green, distinctly glaucous on one side, with no sheath ; leaves 

 narrow, long, pendulous, stalked, from 6 to 7 inches long, witli thiu 

 lax ovate callous-pointed scales. It is a fine Himalayan tree, bearing 

 the climate of England without protection. 



46. P. Lambertiana, the Lambert Pine. Trunk erect, very lofty. 

 Leaves 5, rather stiff, bright green, roughish, with no sheaths. Cones 

 very large, pendulous, from 14 to 18 inches long, with broad rounded 

 scales. Seeds large, eatable. It is an enormous tree, found by Douglas 

 in New Albion. 



47. P. Ayacaliuite, the Ayacahuite Pine. Leaves 5, with deciduous 

 sheaths, slender, very glaucous on one side, sharp-pointed, from 2 to 4 

 inches long. Cones drooping, a foot or more long, very slender, with 

 distant oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading scales. It is a gigantic tree, 

 resembling the Weymouth Pine in habit ; found by Ehrenberg near 

 Omitlan in Mexico, and by Hartweg in Guatemala. 



The following species of Pine are mentioned in books : P. Cali- 

 forniana or P. Montereyemia, P. Timoriensis, P. mwricata, P. tnbercu- 

 lota, P. radiata, P. contorta, P. iquamoia, and P. turbinata. 



(Loudon, Arboretum et Frwticetum Britannicum, vol. iv.; Lambert, 

 Monograph of the genus Pinus.) 



PIPA. [AMPHIBIA.] 



PIPE-CLAY. [CLAY.] 



PIPE-FISH. [SYNONATHUS.] 



E-MOUTH, a Fish, the species of Fistttlaria. [FISTULAMA.] 



PIPER, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Piperacece. 

 It has stamens varying in number from 1 to 10 ; stigma 3-lobed ; fruit 

 baccate. 



P. Cubeba, Linn., is generally regarded as the source of the officinal 

 Cubebs; but, according to Blume, P. canicum, Rumph., which is the 

 P. Cubeba of Roxburgh, yields the greater portion of the cubebs of 

 commerce. The fruits of both are stalked, but that of the former is 

 larger and has more pungency than the latter. Both are common in 

 Java, where, as in other parts of India, they are used as a grateful 

 condiment, as common pepper is in Europe. They are also employed 

 medicinally in the same complaints as give them repute in Europe. 



The berry is small, about the size of black pepper-corns (but with 

 a little foot-stalk, from one-third to half an inch long, hence called 

 sometimes P. caudata.ni or P. pedicellosum), more or less round, of a 

 blackish-gray or grayish-brown colour, with a thin vascular reticulated 

 husk, which incloses a hard round oily seed. The husk has a pleasant 

 taste ; the seed a bitterish, acrid, peppery, aromatic, and camphor-like 

 flavour. 



Those which come from the islands of the Indian Archipelago are 

 the best. A sort from the Mauritius, small, or about the size of a 

 millet-seed, are from some unknown species. The Guinea or African 

 cubebs is the produce of P. Afzelii. 



Indian cubebs are frequently adulterated with black pepper, pimento 

 berries, or the fruits of the Rhamnui catharticm. Genuine cubebs 

 consist of waxy matter, two kinds of volatile oil, a peculiar resin 

 (cubebin), balsamic resin, &c. 



The volatile oil by rest deposits a camphor, which crystallizes in 

 four-sided plates. The resin is analogous to that of copaiva, and has, 

 like it, a peculiar influence over mucous membranes, especially those 

 of the urino-genital organs. 



P. lonyum, Long Pepper, a native of the East Indies, the female 

 spike of which having attached to it the dried half-ripe berries (resem- 

 bling the catkin, of the birch), is used in medicine. It has nearly the 

 same chemical composition and properties as black pepper, though 

 feebler. It is said to contain piperin. The root is employed by the 

 Hindoos, but it is still weaker than the fruit. 



P. nigrwn, Linn., Black Pepper, a climbing plant of the East Indies, 

 and very extensively cultivated there, the plantations stretching from 

 96 to 115" E. long., 5 S. lat. to 12" N. lat., which limits comprise 

 Sumatra, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and all countries to the east of 

 the Gulf of Siam. The best pepper comes from Malabar, the least 

 esteemed from Java and Sumatra. The plant is allowed to grow, 

 trained to the stem of the Areca Catechu, and other trees, especially 

 the Jack (Arlocarpus) and Hyperan.th.era Morinya (or Horse-Radish- 

 Tree), four years before the fruit can be collected. Tho berries are 

 gathered when yet green, before they are perfectly ripe, and quickly 

 dried on mats, by which they turn black. When plucked too young, 

 they speedily fall into a state of powder. These are separated from 

 the others by sieves and winnowing. In this condition it is termed 

 black pepper. White pepper is the same fruit freed from the outer 

 rind : for this purpose, the ripe berries are allowed to macerate in 

 water, and the husk is removed. These are smaller, smooth, of a 



