601 



PUPA. 



PUTRANJIVA. 



602 



rediscovered. It is remarkable that the African slaves in the Wes 

 Indies are also acquainted with this property of the root of the pome 

 granate, which they must have learned in their own country, probablj 

 from the prevalence there of Mohammedan works on medicine, or o 

 the practice which is inculcated in them. [POMEGRANATE, in ARTS 



AND SC. DlY.] 



PUPA. In Entomology this term is applied to the third stage o 



existence of an insect, the egg being the first stage, and the larva or 



caterpillar, the second. [IxsEOTA.] 



PUPA. (Conchology.) [HELIX.] 



PUPIL. [Era.] 



PUPI'VORA. In Entomology this term is applied by Latreille to 

 his second great section of hymenopteroua Insects a section the 

 species of which are distinguished by their having the abdomen 

 attached to the thorax, in most cases, by a slender stalk, and not, as 

 in the first section (Securifera), forming as it were a continuation ol 

 the thorax. The females are furnished with a slender bristle-like 

 ovipositor, and in this respect they also differ from the greater portion 

 of the Securifera. 



The larvae of the Pupivora have no feet, and most of them are 

 parasitical. Latreille divides this section into two groups, the 

 Evanialti and the Ichneumonidet, distinguished chiefly by the insertion 

 of the stalk or basal portion of the abdomen. In the Evanialet the 

 stalk is attached to the thorax, and in most cases immediately under the 

 scutellnni ; they have distinct nervures to the wings, and those of the 

 upper pair form cellules ; the antenna; are filiform, or setaceous, and 

 composed either of thirteen or fourteen joints ; the mandibles are 

 toothed on the inner side ; the maxillary palpi have six joints, and 

 the labial four: the ovipositor is generally exserted, and composed of 

 three slender pieces. 



Dr. Leach regarded the present group as constituting a family, and 

 applied to it the name Evanidce ; compared with the next section of 

 the Pupivora, the present one is very limited in species. Mr. Stephens, 

 in his ' Systematic Catalogue of British Insects,' only enumerates five 

 species, and these constitute three genera, Evania, Brachygaster, and 

 Fomu. 



In the Ichneumonidet the abdomen has its origin between the two 

 posterior legs ; the nervures of the upper wings form cellules ; the 

 antenna; are generally filiform or setaceous, and composed of many 

 joints (sixteen at least) ; the mandibles are in most cases destitute of 

 denticulations on the inner side, and are bifid at the apex ; the 

 maxillary palpi are always distinct, and seldom have n\ore than six 

 joints. Of this group the species are exceedingly' numerous. 

 Mr. Stephens states that he possesses 800 British species of this 

 family. The Pupivora appear to be destined to prevent other 

 tribes of insects (particularly the Lcpidoptcm) from becoming 

 numerous. 



The Ichneumonidce may be seen during the summer months in great 

 numbers flying from plant to plant in search of the caterpillars which 

 are suited to furnish the proper food and to rear their larva;, each 

 caterpillar apparently having its own peculiar parasite, or parasitea, 

 for sometimes several species of Ichneumon attack the same larvae. 

 The female Ichneumon, by means of her long bristle-like ovipositor, 

 inserts her eggs in the body of the caterpillar in such a manner, and 

 in such parts, that it does not destroy the life of the victim. In most 

 cases these eggs are not hatched until the caterpillar has changed into a 

 chrysalis; they then hatch, and the Ichneumon larva; feed upon the 

 contents of the pupa case, inclose themselves in silken cocoons, and 

 undergo their final transformations, to come forth in proper season, 

 eating their way through the chrysalis case. Instances are not 

 uncommon in which the eggs of the Ichneumon hatch in the body of 

 the living caterpillar, and, what is most remarkable, they do not 

 destroy its life. It is not until the larva; have quitted their abode in 

 the caterpillar that it dies, having the cocoona of the Ichneumon 

 larva; attached to its skin. The caterpillar so abundant on cabbages, 

 and which is that of the common white butterfly, affords a familiar 

 example of this nature. At certain times of the year numbers of 

 those caterpillars may be seen on walls adjoining gardens : on these 

 they usually attach themselves (in some sheltered situation) to under- 

 go the transformation into the pupa state. One of these caterpillars 

 will appear healthy, select a convenient situation, attach itself (as 

 usual before the change into the pupa state) by means of a silken 

 thread around iU body, but instead of undergoing the transformation, 

 we shall find it after a short time covered with an immense number of 

 small yellowish silken cocoona spun by the larva; of the Ichneumons 

 u they crawl from ita body. These cocoona, which are about one- 

 eighth of an inch in length, are attached to each other, and to the 

 skin of the caterpillar, which then dies. The larva; of some of the 

 Ichnevmonidac themselves are infected with parasites. 

 (Qravenhorst, Contpectw Generum et Familiarum IcJinewnonum.) 

 PU'RPURA. [EHTOMOSTOMATA.] 

 PURPURI'FERA, a family of Molliuca. [ENTOHOSTOMATA.] 



PURSLANE. [PORTULACACEJS.] 



PUSTULI'PORA. [MJLLEPORID*.] 



PUTCHUK U the name by which a fragrant root is designated in ' 

 the price-currents of Calcutta and Bombay, whence it is exported to 

 Canton, being highly esteemed by the Chinese as an incense. From 

 tho places of export this would appear to be a product of India, but 



neither the plant which yields it nor the place where it grows has 

 been discovered until very recently. The discovery is interesting, as 

 the Putchuk is a substance which was known to the ancients. Dr. 

 Royle, while in the north-western provinces of India, obtained a root 

 which formed a considerable article of commerce, and which was said 

 to be brought from still farther north, that is, from Lahore. It was 

 warm and aromatic in taste, fragrant in odour, and frequently called 

 Orris-Root (Iris-Root) by Europeans in India, though by the natives 

 in Northern India it is called Kooth. On comparing specimens of 

 Kooth which he obtained in Northern India with what was called 

 Putchuk in Calcutta, he found that they were identical, and he was 

 subsequently informed by Mr. Beckett, who was long settled as a 

 merchant in Northern India, that what the latter purchased from 

 Umritseer under the name of Kooth he sold in Calcutta by that of 

 Putchuk, so that there can be no doubt of the identity of the two 

 substances; but all that had been ascertained with respect to the 

 place where it was produced was, that it seemed to be to the north of 

 the Sutlej. 



Kooth, being used in India as a medicine, as well as exported to 

 China, is described in the Persian works on Materia Medica in use in 

 that country, and has assigned to it Kust as the Arabic, Kooshta as 

 the Syriac, and Koostus as the Greek name. Three kinds are 

 described. Dr. Royle states that he was only able to meet with two 

 kinds in India, one called Koost-Hindee, and the other Koost-Arabee. 

 These evidently refer to two of the three kinds of Costus described 

 by Dioscorides as the Arabian, Indian, and Syriac. (' Illust. Himal. 

 Bot.,' p. 360.) There can be little doubt therefore that the Kooth or 

 Putchuk is one of the kinds of Costus of the ancients, which was 

 highly esteemed by them, and formed an ingredient in their moat 

 famous compound alexipharmic confections, such as the Theriaca and 

 the Mithridatium. It was also highly esteemed by them as an incense, 

 as, in the line of Propertius " Ure puer costum Assyrium redolen- 

 tibus aris " ; and is mentioned by Horace as ' Achsemenium costum.' 

 Od.,'iii. 1.) 



The identity of Kooth and Costus was however long ago ascertained, 

 though not generally known, as is evident in the following passage 

 from Garcias ab Horto, in Clusius (' Exot.,' lib. x.) "Est ergo Coatua 

 dictua Arabibus Coat aut Cast; in Malacca, ubi ejua plurimus est 

 usus, Pucho, et inde vehitur in Sinarum regionem." In MacCulloch's 

 ' Commercial Dictionary/ Putchook ia described as " the root of a 

 plant growing in Sinde. When burned it yields a fine amell. The 

 Chinese beat it into a fine powder, which they burn as incense in the 

 temples of their gods." Of the Putchuk, 6697i bazar maunds, of the 

 value of 99,903 rupees, were exported from Calcutta iu the year 

 1837-38. 



On Dr. Falconer's proceeding qn his journey to Cashmere, Dr. Royle 

 requested him to make inquiries respecting this substance, and he 

 discovered that it was exported from the valley in large quantities to 

 ;he Punjab, whence it finds its way to Bombay and Calcutta; and 

 that it is sold in China at an advance of about 3000 per cent, on the 

 price at which it is gathered in Cashmere. Dr. Falconer subsequently 

 'ound it growing in great abundance all round the elevated summits 

 of Cashmere. From the plants with which it is associated, and the 

 circumstances under which the Koot grows, being one of the Compo- 

 site, or Thistle tribe, with feathered seed, of which when once 

 established the dissemination becomes easy, Dr. Falconer has no hesi- 

 tation in thinking that it could be produced to an unlimited e-itent, 

 of the beat quality, in the Himalayas at elevations of from 7500 to 

 )000 feet above the sea, and that the Choor Mountain alone might be 

 jrought in a few years to produce thousands of maunds of it. 

 Preparatory to diffusing the Koot, or Costus, he has introduced it 

 nto the Himalayan nursery attached to the Saharumpore Botanic 

 Garden. 



F : nding that it belongs to a new genus, he has named it Aucklandia, 

 n honour of George, earl Auckland, governor-general of India, " aa a 

 distinction well merited by his lordship's services in the cause of 

 "ndian Botany." 



(Royle, On the Productive Resources of India.) 

 PUTORIUS. [MCSTELIM:.] 



PUTRANJI'VA, an Indian genus of Plants, referred by Dr. RoX- 

 mrgh to Nageia, but which has been separated dy Dr. Wallich under 

 he above name, which ia a Sanscrit compound, consisting of the words, 

 pootra,' a son, and 'jeeva,' life, in conaequence of the seeds being 

 trung by parents round the necks of children, under the supposition 

 hat they will preserve them in health. They are sold in bazaars 

 hroughout India for this purpose. P. Roxburghii, the only species 

 .nown, forms a large timber-tree, with an erect straight trunk, and a 

 white close-grained very hard wood. The head is large and shady, 

 omposed of numerous spreading branches, with shining dark green 

 eaves arranged on two sides of the branchleta. The flowers are 

 ioDcious, the male ones crowded together ; the perianth small, calyx- 

 ike, 4-5-leaved ; corolla none ; stamens three ; filaments thread-like, 

 11 or only two united together, and the third free. The female 

 flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, with long foot-stalks; 

 perianth 5-leaved; ovary ovate, oblong, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded; stylea 

 three, filiform ; stigmas crescent-shaped and toothed ; drupe 1 -seeded. 

 Young plants of this tree have been cultivated in moist stoves in 

 this country. The genus has been referred to the natural family of 



