QUERQUEDULA. 



QUINQUINA. 



626 



abounds in a yellow dye of great brilliancy, which is known in trade 

 under the name of Quercitron. Large quantities of it are annually 

 imported from Philadelphia. 



Q, Pkdlos, Willow Oak. Leaves membranous, linear-lanceolate, 

 tapering to each end, entire, smooth, with a small point. Acorn 

 roundish. Low swampy forests on the sea-coast of the southern states 

 of North America. A large tree with something the aspect of a 

 willow, whence its name. Its timber is stated to be strong, but very 

 coarse. Q, laurifolia and Q. imbricaria are nearly related to it. 



Q. virens, Live Oak. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, revclute, 

 entire, pointless; obtuse at the base, clothed with starry down beneath. 

 Fruit stalked. Acorn oblong. A very valuable species, confined to 

 the southern states of the North American Union, where it is most 

 abundant upon the shores of creeks and bays. It is also abundant in 

 Texas. The Live Oak yields the best oak of America, the timber 

 being heavy, compact, and fine-grained ; and is extensively employed 

 in the American dockyards, although it does not usually acquire a 

 large size. The acorns are stated to be remarkably sweet. It is much 

 too tender to suit this climate ; and consequently specimens are to be 

 found only in curious collections in sheltered warm situations. 



V. Oaks of Mexico. 



These are extremely numerous, and must in many cases form 

 highly ornamental trees. Several species have been introduced by 

 the Horticultural Society, but we at present know nothing of their 

 habits. It is to be feared that they will in general prove too tender 

 for England. 



Q. acutifolia, Sharp-Leaved Oak. Leaves heart-shaped, lanceolate, 

 tapering to a very sharp point, with coarse pointed teeth, covered with 

 rusty down on the under side, especially along the principal veins. 

 Young acorns in spikes, which have a short footstalk. Forests of 

 this tree occur on the road from Acapulco to Mexico, where it is 

 called ' Aguatle.' It ia described as a large tree producing timber of 

 excellent quality. 



Q. rideroxyla, the Iron-Wood Oak. Leaves oblong, somewhat 

 wedge-shaped, obtuse at the base, armed towards the upper end with 

 sharp-pointed teeth ; hoary on the under side. Acorns sessile, ovate, 

 seated in a roundish cup. Found in Mexico, near Guanajuato, and in 

 other places, in dry barren places 6000 or 7000 feet above the sea. It 

 forms a large tree of great beauty. Its timber is very hard, takes a 

 fine polish, and is extremely durable when used under ground or 

 when sunk under water. 



Q. lanccilata, the Lance-Leaved Oak. Leaves lance-shaped, entire, 

 wavy, shining on the upper side, strongly bearded beneath at the 

 principal angles of the vein?. Acorns oval, sessile, in goblet-shaped 

 cups. Common in Mexico at the height of 5000 or 6000 feet. It is a 

 Urge tree, producing a very hard wood, very durable when used 

 under ground, and extensively consumed in mining operations. 



Q, glaucacem, Blue-Leaved Oak. Leaves on very short stalks, 

 wedge-shaped, obovate, entire near the base, slightly toothed and 

 indented at the edge, glaucous, very smooth. Acorns in racemes. 

 Common in Mexico at the height of 2000 feet above the sea. Its wood 

 furnishes the greater part of the charcoal used in that country. 



Q. obtiaata, the Blunted Oak. Leaves oblong, blunt at each 

 end, unequal at the base, bent inwards near the middle, on the under 

 side strongly veined, and covered with a powdery down. Acorns 

 spherical, in axillary racemes, almost entirely covered by a scaly 

 cup. A fine tree, native of the Mexican mountains 6000 feet above the 

 sea. Wood very compact and strong, and capable of taking a fine polish. 



<i. macrophylla, Larged-Leaved Mexican Oak. Leaves obovate, 

 crenate, tapering and heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath. Fruit 

 spiked. This is doubtless the finest oak in the world. It inhabits 

 the southern parts of Mexico and Guatemala, and has leaves 12 to 18 

 inches long, and broad in proportion. Its acorns are as large as French 

 walnuts. They have been received in this country by the Horticultural 

 Society, but unfortunately would not vegetate. 



For detailed information concerning the species of oaks, the reader 

 ii referred to Blume's Flora Java ; the article ' Quercus ' in Rees's 

 Cyclopedia ; Webb's Iter JJwpanicum; Humboldt and Bonpland's 

 Ptantce jEquinoctiales ; and London's Arboretum Britannicum, vol. iv. 



QUEUQUE'DULA. f DUCKS.] 



QUE'RULA. [MUSCICAPIDA] 



QUERULI'N^E. [MUSCICAPIM:.] 



QUICKSILVER. [MERCURY.] 



QUILLWORT. [IsoETEs.1 



QUINCE. [CYDONIA.] 



QUINC1TE. [MEERSCHAUM.] 



QUINQUINA, or QUINA, names given to the species of Plants 

 which are now generally referred to the genus Ciw.luma. In tlie 

 article CINCHONA will be found an account of the species of Cinchona, 

 as recognised by botanists previous to the investigations of M. Wed- 

 dell. This traveller dwelt in the Cinchona districts of the Andes 

 during the years 1845-6-7, and has since published a work on this 

 subject, entitled ' Histoire Naturelle des Quinquines.' In addition to 

 iily interesting account of the districts, M. Weddell gives a full 

 ption of the methods of preparing the Cinchona Barks by the 

 natives, who live in the forests. By dwelling on the spot he was 

 enabled to correct much that was erroneous with regard to the nature 



C. nitida, Ruiz ct Pav. 



and character of the species used in medicine. He also discovered the 

 real plant which yields the yellow-bark, that furnishes the largest quan- 

 tity of quinine. The following table from M. Weddell's work exhibits 

 the names of Commercial Cinchona Barks, and the species from which 

 they are believed to be obtained : 



I. GRAY CINCHONA BARKS. 

 1. Loxa Cinchona Barks. (Crown Bark, Angl. China-Loxa, Kron 



China, Germ.) 



Loxa Cinchona Bark, gray compact . Cinchona, Condaminea,^. et B. 

 Loxa Cinchona Bark, brown compact "| 



(Dunkele Ten China, Germ. China 



pseudo-Loxa, Bergen) . . . ) C. scroKculata, H. et B. 

 Loxa Cinchona Bark, red chestnut. 



Light Calisaya ... . . 

 Loxa Cinchona Bark, red fibrous of 



the King of Spain. (Quina Esto- 



posa, Pav. in collect., Lamb. Mus. 



Brit.) 



Loxa Cinchona Bark, yellow fibrous . C. macrocalyx, Pav. 

 2. Lima or Huauuco Cinchona Barks. (Silver Bark, Gray Bark, 



Angl. China-Huanuco, Graue China, Germ.) 

 Lima Cinchona Bark, Cray-brown. ) ^ 



(Cascarilla Provinciana, Perux.). ( % ?*?** Ct T? aV ' r 

 Lima CinchonaBark, gn ordinary . j - lanceolata ' R <* ?. 

 Lima Cinchona Bark, white . . (?) C. purpurea, Ruiz et Pav. 

 Lima Cinchona Bark, very rugous, \ 



resembling the Calisaya Bark. f , , ,., _ . 



Cascarilla Negrilla, Peruv. (J Cas- ( C ~ 9^ridul,fera, Rmz et Pav. 



carilla Lagartijada, Laubert) . . ) 

 Cinchona Bark, red of Jaen or of 1 , t , 



Loxa j 



II. RED CINCHONA BARKS. 

 (Red Bark, Angl. Rothe China, Germ.) 

 Red Cinchona Bark, becoming white 



in the air 



Red Cinchona Bark of Lima . . . 

 Red Cinchona Bark true, non-verru- 



cous (Cascarilla Roja Verdadera, 



Laubert) 



Red CinchonaBark, officinal . . . 

 Red Cinchona Bark true, vcrrucous . 

 Orange-Red CinchonaBark, verrucous 

 Pale-red Cinchona Bark, with a white I 



surface ) ( ? ) 



Brown Carthagena Bark 

 Red Carthagena Bark . 



III. YELLOW CINCHONA BARKS. 

 Yellow CinchonaBark of the King of -, 



Spain (Cascarilla Amarilla del Rey, 



Laubert) . . . . . . I 



Calisaya Cinchona Bark, or Royal ; C. Calisaya, Wedd. 



Yellow Bark (Kcinigs China, Germ. 



YellowBark,Angl. China Regia, 



Bergen) J 



Orange- Yellow Cinchona Bark ; Cin- ~| 



namon Cinchona Bark (Quinquina 



Cannelle), Light Calisaya (Casca- 

 rilla Claro-Amarilla, Laub.) . . . 

 Pitaya Cinchona Bark (Quinquina dc 



la Colombie ou d'Antioquia, Guib., 



' Hist. Nat. des Drog.' Cascarilla 



Parecida a la Calisaya, Laubert) 

 Woody Carthagena Bark (Quinquina 



de Colombie Ligneux) . 

 Orange Cinchona Bark of Mutis 



(Spongy Carthagena Bark ; New 



Spurious Yellow Bark, Pereira) . 

 3. Huamalies Cinchona Bark. (Rusty Bark, Angl. China Huamalies, 



Braune China, Germ.) 

 Huamalies Cinchona Bark, dull gray C. hirsuta, Ruiz et Pav. 



Huamalies Cinchona Bark, thin red- 1 /,*.-, 



dish | ( ? ) C. purpurea, Ruiz et Pav. 



Huamalies Cinchona Bark, white . (?) 



Huamalies Cinchona Bark,ferruginous C. micrantha, Ruiz et Pav. 



Yellow Cinchona Bark of Cuenca . C. ovalifolia, H. et B. 



IV. WHITE CINCHONA BARKS. 



Ash-coloured Loxa Cinchona Bark 

 (Ash-Bark, Angl. Blasse Ten- 

 China, Germ. China Jaen, Berg.) \ ~ 



Gray Cinchona Bark, pale ditto . . I C - omta > Rulz et Pllv - 



White Loxa Cinchona Bark 



White Fibrous Jaen Cinchona Bark 



Cuzco Cinchona Bark . . . . 1 C. pulcsccna, Vahl., or 



Arica Cinchona Bark . . . J C. cordifolia, Mutis. 



'C. micrantha, Ruiz et Pav. 



C. Candaminea, Humb. et 

 Bonp. 



C. land/alia, Mutis. 



