RABBIT. 



KADIOLA. 



M 



Pak -Yellow Carthagena Cinchona 

 Hark ( Hard Carthagrn. Bark, A ngl. 

 Quina Amarilla, Mutis. China 

 Flavm Dora, Bergen) . . . . 



nllmr Carthagena Cinchona j 



C. p*bt*crni, Valil.. or 

 C. eordifolia, Muli-. 



Bark (Quinquina de Maracaibo. 

 China Flava Fibrosa, Borgen) . I 

 riUyou Cinchona Bark, or False 1 /M 

 ritaya Cinchona Bark . .../* 



The following, according to M. Ouibourt, are the most active 

 barks: 



1. Calisaya Cinchona Bark. 

 4 Yellow Orange Bark. 



3. PitayaBark. 



4. Verraooiu True Red Bark. 



6. Non-Vemieoua True Red Cinchona Bark. 



6. Red Lima Bark. 



7. Gray Lima Bark. 



8. Verrucou* White Hnamaliei Bark. 



On the subject of distinguishing the various barks of commerce, 

 M. Weildell pointa out the fallacy of the preoent method uf distinguish- 

 ing the Mtrta of bark by the colours red, yellow, and gray, as frequently 

 the aame bark* at different ages have different colours. Having nhnwu 

 abo Uie impossibility of a chemical classification, he proceeds to make 

 the following remarks : 



"If a classification be absolutely needed, one which should be 

 baaed on the anatomical structure of the bark would be found to be 

 of far greater utility than either of the preceding, inasmuch as we 

 shall fiud exiating, even in the Cinchonas, a certain relation between 

 the structural and chemical characters. 



"The following are the data which my researches on the subject 

 hare furnished me with : 



"1. If a large piece of the Cinchona Calitaya met with in commerce 

 be attentively examined, it will be found that the exterior surface is 

 entirely deprived of iU peridermia, and presents broad superficial 

 furrows, short, more or less confluent, and divided by projecting 

 ridgea, the bases of which are of a fibrous texture, similar to the inner 

 surface of the bark or of the layer which is immediately in contact 

 with the wood. The examination of a transverse section shows that 

 the texture of the bark is homogenous, and composed of ligneous 

 fibres of almost equal thickness, uniformly distributed in the midst of 

 cellular tissue gorged with resinous matter, tissue which may be said 

 to isolate each fibre, being interposed in thin layers between them. 

 Finally, when these fibres are examined longitudinally, we find that 

 they are short and fusiform, and that their cut extremities are but 

 loosely attached to each other, and are sometimes completely separate, 

 and appear to float in the midst of the cellular tissue which surrounds 

 them. 



" If we take a similar piece of the bark of C. icrobiculata, we shall 

 find that instead of three furrows of fibrous texture, which so well cha- 

 racterise the C. Calitaya, the exterior almost presents a smooth 

 surface of a cellular texture, traversed here and there by slight linear 

 indentations, the inner surface being, a* in the preceding bark, of a 

 fibrous texture. In the transverse section the fibres are more 

 numerous than in the C. Calitaya, especially towards the inner 

 surface; but they lessen in numbers rapidly near the exterior, and 

 th outermost layer is entirely without them. These fibres, if 

 examined in a longitudinal section, will be found to be of nearly 

 .loubU the length of those of the C. Calitaya, and their extremities 

 an invariably attached one to the other, their ends being by this 

 means mot* elongated. 



" 3. If we study with equal attention the bark of C. pubetceni, we 

 shall then And a peculiar structure. The external surface somewhat 

 ressmblss the preceding bark, with the exception of a slight whitish 

 marbling, formed by the continuity of the peridermis, and scUsures 

 which may remit from desiccation. The internal surface is fibrous, as 

 in the preceding barks ; but a transverse section shows us that it is 

 principally composed of cellular tissue, in which the fibres form but 

 a small number of irregular and concentric series in the interior half 

 of the bark ; and that which draws attention at the first glance is the 

 siw at thee* fibres, each on* being three or four times as large as 

 those of either of the former varieties ; the result being that several 

 at them are attached and united together in bundles, which may be 

 fully proved by the examination of a longitudinal section of this bark. 



" As may be perceived, we have only spoken of Cinchonas which 

 have been deprived of their peridermis, because it is in this state that 

 they are now usually met with in commerce. If perchance they were 

 again to be used with their natural coating, it would afford additional 

 means whereby to distinguish them, but would not in any way affect 

 those of which we have just treated ; for nothing would be easier 

 than to remove the peridermis and to expose the surface beneath. 

 Be this as it may, the structure of all the Cinchona barks more or leas 

 resemble one or other of the three types we have spoken of, and on 

 this plan there might be formed, without much difficulty, a series of 

 groups comprehending all the known Cinchonas. The purpose how- 

 ever in noticing these peculiarities, has been to facilitate the compre- 

 hension of a very important fact in the diagnostics of the different 

 kinds of Cinchonas ; that of the vast difference they present in their 

 mode of fracture. However singular it may in the first instance 

 appear to be, it is easy to prove that, to a certain extent, the chemical 

 composition of the bark operated upon may bo determined by its 

 mode of fracture ; or, more properly speaking, there exists a relation 

 between the chemical and the anatomical characters of the Cinchonas, 

 this being constantly proved by a particular form of fracture : smooth 

 or corky where it divides the tunic or cellular covering of the bark ; 

 fibrous, stringy, or woody in those cases where it has affected one or 

 other of the three forms of liber before described. Another fact 

 which is now fully proved is, that the bark containing the largest pro- 

 portion of quinine is that of the C. Calitaya ; and experience has 

 shown us, that after the C. Calitaya, the barks possessing it in the 

 greatest quantities are precisely those the structure of which most 

 resembles this bark ; for instance, those in which the dermis is reduced 

 to a single liber by the successive exfoliation of the outer tunics, or at 

 least by their adjunction to the peridermis. On the other hand, expe- 

 rience seems to have shown, to a certain extent, that the Qray 

 Cinchonas (which we have generally found to be the young barks of 

 other species) contain a larger proportion of cinchouinu than of 

 quinine ; we also know that many old barks, which have retained the 

 cellular coating they had when young, yield a proportionably larger 

 quantity of cinchonine ; from which circumstance we may conclude 

 that quinine is contained in the liber, or, more correctly speaking, in 

 tho cellular tissue interposed between the fibres of the liber, and that 

 the cinchonine is principally found in the tunic or cellular coating. 

 As to the tannin, it is found in larger quantities in this latter 

 part than in the fibrous tunic a fact which is easily determined 

 with reference to the fresh bark where the exterior layers of the 

 derm are more styptic than the internal layers." (' Pharmaceutical 

 Journal,' voL ix.) 



The following are the specific characters of the Cinchona Calitaya: 

 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, obovate, obtuse, attenuated at the base, 

 rarely acute on both sides ; smooth, polished, or pubescent beneath ; 

 scrobiculate in the axils of the veins; filaments usually shorter thau 

 one half the length of the anthers ; capsule ovate, scarcely equal in 

 length to the flowers. Seeds frequently frimbriate, denticulated at the 

 margin. Of this there are two varieties : 



C. C, tera. A tree with obtuse oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate 

 leaves. 



C. C. Jotejiliiana. A shrub with somewhat acute oblong-lanceolate 

 or ovate-lanceolate leaves. 



Both varieties are natives of Bolivia and Southern Peru. 



(Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. ix.) 



QUINSEY-WORT. [ASPKRCLA.] 



QUISCALUS, a genus of Birds. [STURltlDA.] 



QUI'SQUALIS, a genus of Plants of the natural family of Combre- 

 laceee, which is indigenous in Amboyna, Java, and the Malayan penin- 

 sula, and extends into India. The genus is characterised by having 

 a very long Blender tube of the calyx, which is 5-fid at the mouth. 

 Petals 5, oval, oblong, larger than the teeth of the calyx. Stamens 

 1 0, exserted, inserted Into the faux of the calyx.; the alternate ones 

 shorter. Ovary ovate, oblong, 4-valved. Style filiform, obtuse. 

 Drupe dry, 6-angled, 1 -seeded. Shrubs with climbing branches. 

 Leaves opposite, seldom alternate, entire, ovate. Spikes axillary and 

 terminal. .Flowers change in colour from white to red. The few 

 planti of the genus are cultivated in this country with great ease in 

 moist stove-housra in a mixture of loam and peat. 



Q, Jndica is the most common species; its fruit is reckoned a 

 vermifuge. 



QUITCH. [TUT IOPM ; AOIMWTM.] 



11 



UARf.lT. (Ltroftrnx.) 

 RACAMINA lVn.Tvm.iD*.] 

 RACCOON. (L-BatDJL] 

 RACE-HORSE, a Bird. [Mic norrKRus.] 

 I! VI'IATA. (lUTF.ii or HAIHATI: AMMAU.] 

 IJAD1OLA (from Kadtolta. little ray, In alludou to the rayed cap- 



sules), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Linacta. It 

 has a calyx of 4 sepals connected Iwlow, deeply trifid. There are 

 4 petal*, 4 stamens, 4 capsuled, with 8 cells and 8 valves. 



K. miliigrana is the only species of thin genus. It is the K. linoulet 

 of some botanist*, and is a Britioh plant. The stem in from one to 

 two feet high, repeatedly forked, with solitary flowers in the axils as 



