: 



UKITILIA. 



UEl'TILIA.. 



cr 



attributed to Winter). distinguished chemist of Vienna, whoM name 

 appears oddly in the lut page of the work u having been the s**istant 

 of Laurenti or rather hi* ' eollaborateur' in hu therapeutic 

 experiment*. 



Though Scopoli devoted bat a few page* to the Reptile*, hU observa- 

 tion* must not be yassd by. The pupil of Liniueus, he showed 

 bimtelf worthy of bit master : but at the tame time he appear* in 

 bt arrangement to bare born fettered by the principle* adopted by 

 the great Swede, though he Taried the application of them. 



The Count Laotfpede (1788-90) dirided the Reptile* into three great 

 group*: 



1. oviparou* Quadrupeds, subdivided into (1) thoic which pOMen 

 a Uil, and (J) thoM which are tailleu. 



JL Biped Reptile*. 



S. Serpent*. 



In 1799 the method of it. Alexandra Brongniart wan read to the 

 French Academy of Science*, and it aeem* to have been first pub- 

 lished in the 'Bulletin de* Science*.' in 1800; it wa* afterward* 

 printed among the other Memoir* of the National Institute. Hi* 

 clasaifleaUon may be regarded a* a considerable *tep in advance of 

 thoM who had preceded him, and bad principally confined themselves 

 to external character*, well defined doubtless, but of little moment 

 when compared with those baaed on organisation and habit*. Whilst 

 they carefully attended to the preeence or absence of tail or feet, 

 they neglected thcee nmmtisl point* which pring from generation 

 and development, Brongniart pointed out the approximation of the 

 Tortoise* to the Lizard*, and eren to the Serpent*, and wa* the first 

 to abow that the Toad*, Frogs, and Salamander*, ought to constitute 



a eeparate order. 

 X. Bron 



Brongniart recognued the following orders : 



1. Cbelonian* (Tortoise*). 



2. Saurian* (Liards). 

 S. Ophidian* (SerpenU). 

 4. Batraehiana. 



The method of Lacepede Mem* to have found more favour in the 

 eye* of M. Utreille thin that of H. Alex. Brongnisrt, which last 

 must bare been known to the former when he published his ' Natural 

 History of Reptile*,' in 1801. He place* in hi* first division the 

 Oviparous Quadruped*, wnoee body is provided with feet, dividing 

 them into two sections, according a* they have unguiculated or claw- 

 lee* toe*, and a icalele** skin. Hi* second division is formed by the 

 SerpenU; and in hi* third, designated by the name of Pneumo- 

 branchiana. he place* the genera Protnti and Siren, a* well a* another, 

 which he names IcMhyuaunu, which last is only a Tadpole. 



In 1825, when the science had very much advanced, M. Latreille, 

 In Us ' Families of the Animal Kingdom,' published another arrange- 

 ment, which Messrs. Dume'ril and Bibron have digeited into the 

 following tabU : 



HKMACRYMES PUI.MOXKKS. 









Erajdwsurlans . j 



ealr 



LaeertUbcm . 



FAMIUICS. 

 fCrrptopods (TntuJo, 



J *) 

 ' ] Gynaopods (Saunckt. 



lyt, Triatfr, Ac.). 

 CrorodiUsns (Croco- 

 diles, te.). 



LsccrlUns (Hmilar, 



Iliuinians (//MM, 



*c.). 

 Grckntians (Grrko. 



fco.). 

 CTumcleonlsns (CT- 



malro, in.) 



> ' 



'M-hi.lis 



: 



: ' :' 



f THrapods 

 Sfft, 



I IHpod. (Bipn, llima. 

 I <). 



Apod* (Anfttii, Ofki. 

 ; taunt, Ac.). 



AmpM.txrnlin. (Am. 



fhUbana, Ac.}. 

 r.vlindrirsl (Tin-Mr). 

 Colubetlans (Afro. 



tloraiu, HIM, 1'f. 



llum, Jtr ). 

 Ancnlriprrs (Buitfa- 



ria, JlfJnflHt, Ft. 



lamyl, Ice.}. 

 Vipers ( Orulului, llr. 



r<a, X&, *c.). 

 (irmnophlds (OreUia). 



f Annrou* (Pi/Mi, Unfa, 



CMoclbnachlsB* J ., *7T*' fo'!' 



] \r<*\f\n(K*lnmaH<lra, 



(, Titian, Anlalt), 

 Irhthyuids (l-iatna, 

 Him). 



Pirrnalursacblaa* 



In 1802 and 1803 appeared the ' Traitd 0<<udral ' of Daudin. In 

 this distinguished work the method of M. Alexandra Brongniart is 

 followed, in *o far a* the division of the Reptile* into four order*. 

 In the three sections of Chelonian* 57 species are named and described. 

 In the order Saurian*, Daudin first place* Urocmliltu, with iU three 

 tub-genera [CBOCODIUDJE], and then the genera Draeo, Tupinambu (in 

 which he deecribe* (ever*! new specie*), Latrrta (subdivided into the 

 Ameivaa, the Collared, Ribanded, Spotted, Gray, Dracenoid, and 

 Striated Lizard*) 31 ipecie* in all, and including the genera TVocAy- 

 rfromiu, Draco, Batilitcut, and Ayanta (which last is subdivided into 

 five aectioni), Sept, and Chalciilet. The third order, Ophidian*, 

 contain* numerous and natural genera, come of them rather ov<r- 

 leaded, Culubcr for instance, under which 172 ipecie* are arranged; 

 and others with only one or two. The fourth order, Batrachians, 

 appear* to have employed bi* particular attention. [AurinuiA.] He 

 include* Salamandra and Triton in one genus, and auign* a single 

 ipecie* to the genera Proteut and Siren. Such U a mere sketch of 

 the great work of Daudin, founded, a* he himself declare*, upon bi* 

 personal examination and study of 517 ipecie*. 



In the short notice published by George Cuvier, in bi* ' Tableau 

 Eldmentaire de I'Hiitoire Naturelle' (179S), he divided the Reptiles, 

 like Lace'pede, into Oviparous Quadruped*, Serpent*, and iliped 

 Reptile*. 



Oppel (who had been a diligent attendant at M. Dumdril'* course of 

 lecture* in 1807 and 1808, and in whose work* much of the lessons of 

 the Utter are to be traced, as Oppel himself acknowledges), after 

 publishing in the 19th volume of the 'Annalesdu Mue*um,' a Memoir 

 on the Ophidians, and another on the Batraehiana, produced, in 1811 

 at Munich, his treatise 'Die Orduungen, Kamilien, und Gattungen der 

 Reptilien, als Prodrom etner Naturgeachichte deraelben ' (thin 4 to.). 



The following synoptical table exhibiU Oppel'* method : 



Ri i inn 



Testudinata. 



Sqoummats. 



Nuds . 



' Saurii 



Opbidll 



A pods, 

 Csudata. 



Kciudali. 



j Chelonli. 

 ' ( Kmydsj. 



/ Croeodllinl. 



Geokoldes. 



j I-nsnoldes. 



\ Lacerlinl. 



Scinco.dcu. 



I Cbaloidlcl. 



. Aniruiformoii. 



llydrl. 



Croiilinl. 

 ! M|KTinl. 

 I Conntrictore*. 

 I I'-i inlci\-i|rj. 

 v Colubrini. 



In 1790 Merrem published a paper in German, with the title of 

 1 Material* for a Natural Hirtory of Amphibia,' and in 1820 and 1821 

 two other papers followed. These papers treat of serpent* and several 

 genera of Saurian*, and are illustrated with coloured plat:*. But hi* 

 yntem appears to have been published (in 1800) at the suggestion of 

 Bechstein, who had translated Lacc*pede'i ' History of Reptiles ' into 

 German ; and in 1820 a second edition of thi-s system, which is shown 

 in the following table, made its appearance : 



CLASSES. 



PUOLIIHITA 



Srrfmlia . , 



I hftarnlia (Chlrotes). 

 ^ Prendtntia (Chsicic'.con). 



' Apoaa (Cf cilia}. 

 Salimlia (liana, *c ). 



with ryrllds 



wlilinut eye. 

 lids 



Gulones 



({*"**<. 



( I mi null. 



*' "' 



pochton, or 1'ro. 

 leus). 



M. De Blalnville, in 1816, published in the ' Nouveau Bulletin des 

 Science* de la Societe" rhilomatiquo,' the prodromus of his systematic 

 distribution of the animal kingdom, which he produced, in 1822, 

 in hi* ' Principe* d' Anatomic Comparee.' Under the type Osteoioaria, 

 and the cub-type Oripara or Amattoeoaria, he places the Reptiles, 

 which he divide* into two Classen, namely]. Reptiles or Omitlmicl 

 Squammifem; 2, Amphibians or Nudipellifers, Naked Ichthyodians. 



