6S7 



RUMINATION. 



RUPICOLIN^E. 



639 



milk, the fourth stomach is the largest of all. The first stomach or 

 paunch only develops itself into its enormous volume in proportion 

 as it receives supplies of herbage. 



The intestinal canal of these animals is very long, but little en- 

 larged or sacculated in the great intestines. The cjeeum ia moderately 

 long and smooth. 



The student will find a series of preparations illustrative of the 

 structure of the alimentary canal of the Ruminantia in the Museum 

 of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The structure of the 

 particular forms of these animals will be found under the articles 

 ANTILOPE.E, BOVID.S, CAMELUS, CAPRE.E, CEBYID^ LLAMA, OVE.S, 

 and Gin Ay FA. 



Cuvier makes the Ruminants consist of two divisions : first, those 

 without horns ; secondly, those with horns. 



The first division embraces the Camels (Camelus, Linn.), or the 

 Camels properly so called, and the Llamas; and the Chevrotains 

 (Moschus, Linn.). Secondly, all the rest of the Ruminants, of the 

 male sex at least, have two horns or prominences, more or less long, 

 projecting from the frontal bones, which is not found in any other 

 family of mammals. 



In some these prominences are covered with a case of elastic sub- 

 stance, composed, as it were, of agglutinated hairs, which grows in 

 layers, and during the whole life of the animal. The name horn 

 (come) is particularly applied. The bony prominence or core which 

 this case envelops, grows, like it, during^the whole life of the animal, 

 and is never shed. Such are the horns of oxen, sheep, goats, and 

 antelopes. 



In others tho prominences are invested only with a hairy skin, 

 which is continued from that of the head, and is never destroyed 

 during life. These prominences are never shed. 



Finally, in the great genus Cervut, Linn., the prominences covered 

 during a certain period with a hairy or velvety skin resembling that 

 of the rest of the head, have at their base a ring of bony tubercles, 

 which, as it increases, compresses and obliterates the nutrient vessels 

 of that skin, which, when the horn is complete, dries and is removed. 

 The naked bony prominence separates in due time from the skull, to 

 which it grew, falls, and the animal becomes defenceless. But new 

 horns soon begin to bud, ordinarily, and while the animal is in the 

 vigour of life, larger than the preceding ones, and destined to fall in 

 their turn. These horns, purely osseous and subjected to periodical 

 changes, are termed by the French Bois, and are known in England 

 by the name of Antlers. 



Mr. Swainson divides the Ungulata into the following five tribes : 

 Ruminantes, Pachydermet, Anoplotheret, Edentates, and Solipedes. 



The Buminantet are thus arranged : 



1. Sub-typical group. Horns sheathing; form gracile, slender. 

 Family Antilopida. [ANTILOPE.E.] (Sw. Capridce, Smith). 



Genera. Dicranocerut, Sin. ; Aigocerut, Sm. ; Oryx, Sm. ; Gazella, 

 Stn. ; A ntilope, Sm. ; Redunca, Sm. ; Tragidvu, Sm. ; Raphicerus, Sm. ; 

 Tetracena, Leach; Cepfialophia, Sm. ; Neotragut, Sm.; Tragdaphus, 

 Sm. ; Pi'cmorhtzdiu, Sm. ; Rupicapra, Ant., Sm, ; Aplocerut, Sm. ; 

 Capra, Auct ; 0m, Auct. ; Damalis, Sm. ; Acronotus, Sm. ; Botela- 

 phut, Sm. ; Strepsicerus, Sm. ; Portax, Sm. 



2. Typical. Horns sheathing; form heavy, robust. 



Family Sovida, Sm. [Bovine. ] 



Genera and Subgcnera. 



1. Alee, Sm. (Subgencra Rangifei', 



8m. ; Dama, Sm.) 



2. Cerv j, Linn., 8w. (Subgcnern, 



tiusfi, Sm. ; Aj-is, Sm.) 



3. Capreolus, Sm. (Subgenus, 3/rt- 



znma, Sm.) 



4. Subulo, Sm. 



5. Stylocervt, Sm. 



3. Aberrant. Horns 

 solid, deciduous. 

 (CenUer, 8m. ; 

 Cervut, Linn.) 



Horns wanting ; 

 fore legs shorter 

 than the hinder. 

 (Moschida, Sw.) 



1. Maidiia, Linn. 



Horns very short, ~| 

 covered with a 

 kin. ( Camelo- S 

 parda, 8w.) 



[OlRAFFA.] J 



1. Camelopardalit, Antiq. 



The tribe Solipedet, which immediately follows the Camelopards, 

 consists of the genera Camelut, Auchenia, and Equw. Thus the 

 Camels and Llamas, with which Colonel Smith, following Cuvier, 

 commences the Ruminants, are placed by Mr. Swainson at the con- 

 clusion. With the exception of this and a few other modifications, 

 the two arrangements are similar. 



RUMINATION. [RUMINANTIA.] 



RU'MPHIA, a genus of Plants named by Linnseus in honour of 

 George Eberhard Rumph, i only known from a figure of Rheede, 

 published in his 'Hortus Malabaricus,' vol. iv., t. 11, who describes it 

 u being found in Parabaroo and other provinces of Malabar. It has 

 not been seen by any modern botanist. It is usually referred to the 

 natural family of Terebinthacece, and to the Bub-order Ewnertas. It 



las a tubular trifid calyx, 3 oblong petals of the corolla ; stamens 3, 

 equal to the petals, and exserted. The ovary is single, 3-cornered ; 

 style one; drupe coriaceous, turbinate, 3-furrowed, with the nut 

 3-celled, 3-seeded. But Messrs. Wight and Arnott remark, that as 

 each apparent stamen may be composed of several filaments, this 

 doubtful genus would be brought near Byttneriaceae. 



RUNNER. [STEM.] 



RUNNING. [LOCOMOTION IN ANIMALS.] 



RUPELLARIA. [LITHOPHAOIDJE.] 



RUPICAPRA. [ANTILOPE.E.] 



RUPICOLFN^E, a sub-family of Insessorial Birds allied to the 

 Manakins and generally arranged under the family Pipridtx. Mr. 

 Swainson places both Calyptomena and Rupicola in the sub-family 

 Ampelinif, or Typical Chatterers ; and Rupicola, in his arrangement, 

 immediately precedes the sub-family Piprince, Mauakius, which he 

 considers as subtypical. Mr. G. R. Gray (' Genera of Birds ') places 

 Rupicola and Calyptomena, at the head of the Ampelinie, the fourth 

 sub-family of the Ampelidce in his method. 



Rupicola (Briss.). Bill moderate, robust, rather vaulted and curved 

 at the point, upper mandible as wide as it is high, compressed at the 

 base and notched at the point ; lower mandible shorter, straight, and 

 sharp ; nostrils oval, lateral and hidden by the feathers of the elevated 

 crest which covers the head. Feet large, strong, tarsi partially clothed 

 with feathers, feet syndactyle, outer toe connected with the middle 

 toe beyond the first joint; hallux very strong, and armed with a 

 crooked nail. Wings short, rounded ; fourth and fifth quills longest. 



The species are found in central and South America. 



R. aurantia, Vieillot. It is the Pipra Rupicola of Linnsous, Rupicola 

 Cayana of Swainson, R. elegans of Stephens, and Rock Mauakiu and 

 Cock-of-the-Rock of English ornithologists. 



The male ia about the size of a Ring-Pigeon (Columba palumbus), 

 very bright orange-yellow; a crest, which is compressed and elevated, 

 rises from the head with a helmet-like air, and is varied at the summit 

 with brown and bright-yellow ; there is some white at the bend and 

 on the middle of the wing, which is filiform at the first quill ; the 

 tail-feathers are short, reddish-black bordered with yellow ; bill and 

 feet rosy-white. Female rather smaller, and with a less elevated crest ; 

 colour entirely dirty bistre-brown. 



This beautiful bird inhabits Guyana, especially about the rocks which 

 border the small river Oyapock, and is becoming daily more rare. 



The Cock-of-the-Rock flies swiftly, and ia a very shy bird. The 

 nest is made of twigs and dry herbage; and there the female lays 

 two white eggs about the size of those of a pigeon. The food consists 

 of the smaller wild fruita 



Cock-of-the-Kock (Rupicola aurantia). 



R. Peruviana (Dumont), the Chiacbia Lacca of the Mexicans. 

 Male. Bright-orange, like the preceding, but the quills and tail- 

 feathers are deep-black and the middle wing-coverts are bright gray- 

 ash. The crest is of a uniform colour, wanting the deeper-coloured 

 semicircular line, and not of a helmet-like contour. The tail-feathers 

 are long. 



The Peruvian Cock-of-the-Rock was for some time considered to 

 be a mere variety of R. aurantia, but it differs in being of larger size, 

 in colour, in the length of the tail-feathers, in the absence of the 

 filiform wing-feathers, and in the crest, which is not circular as in the 

 preceding species. 



It has been brought to Europe from Lima. 



